Chloasma 
Definition
Risk factors
pharmacological Treatment
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Pathophysiology.
Diagnostic test
Prevention
Diet
Nursing care plan
A condition in which brown patches appear on the face.(Andrew D.M. 2005)
patches are darker than your usual skin colo
patches on the face
Melasma causes patches of discoloration
sun exposure
certain skin care products, if they irritate a person’s skin
changes in hormones during pregnancy (chloasma), hormone treatment, or while taking birth control pills
Wear a hat with a brim to shade and protect your face.
Apply sun block (such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide) to vulnerable areas.
limit skin exposure to the sun
Use sunscreen that protects against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.
Tretinoin is a type of vitamin A
Azelaic acid cream
Hydroquinone is a cream that takes pigment out of the skin
Chemical peels are liquid solutions applied to the skin
Intense Pulsed Light therapy
Increased levels of female hormones from pregnancy, menopause, ovarian cancer, or birth control pills
Certain medicines, such as some antiseizure medicines
Being female
Sunlight exposure
Darker skin
A biopsy involves removing a very small portion of the skin
a Wood’s light to look more closely at the skin
physical examination
Folic acid might help reduce hyperpigmentation
green vegetables for iron
Foods to eat include spinach, citrus fruits, pasta, rice, and beans
Wear sunscreen with a high SPF every day.
appears to be present, because melasma occurs more
more frequently in females than in males and commonly develops
A direct relationship with female hormonal activity
or worsens during pregnancy and with the use of oral contraceptive pills.(Willis Hughes Lyford 2014)
Nursing diagnosis
specific outcomes
Patient verbalizes feeling about lesions and continues daily activities and social interactions.
nursing intervention
Assess the patient’s perception of changed appearance.
Disturbed Body Image
Assess the patient’s behavior related to appearance.
Allow patients to verbalize feelings regarding their skin condition.
Assist patients in identifying ways to enhance their appearance.