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Emotion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ppl feel happy initially but get used to it over time
    - - has limits eg. happiness can't exceed 10 on the scale
  - - - american faces showed more feelings of excitement compared to faces in Taiwanese books
      - American preschool children preferred pictures of excited faces and felt more similar to characters who engaged in high-arousal activities
      - compared facial expressions shown in characters in American & Taiwanese children's storybooks
      - Taiwanese children felt more similar to characters engaged in low-arousal activities
  - - - what the results mean
        
        European American
        
        implicit theory that they should be happy
        
        Asian American
        
        theory that emotional experience, like other aspects of life, should be balanced and consist of both positive & negative experiences
        
        shows that when considering a long period, estimates are more likely to reflect the theories that they hold about what life should be like
      - study
        
        after doing for 7 days, participants asked to think back about the past week and indicate how satisfied they had been with the week
        
        results
        
        even tho both had comparable weeks as supported by the daily questionnaire
        
        European americans rmbed having a much better week than Asian Americans
        
        European Americans & Asian Americans asked to complete questionnaire at end of each day to indicate how satisfied they were with their day
    - - collectivistic cultures
        
        feel good abt their lives if respected by others for living up to cultural norms for being a good person
      - individualistic cultures
        
        based life satisfaction on how many positive emotions they were experiencing
- - - - results
        
        epinephrine informed participants also little emotion -> attribute arousal to the injection
        
        epinephrine uninformed felt arousal but had no good explanation for it-> attributed to situation that made them feel euphoric/angry
        
        placebo condition participants would experience little emotion since it's just a saline solution
      - 1st factor
        
        placebo and participants truthfully assured no state of arousal
        
        epinephrine condition where participant is informed about arousal
        
        manipulated amount of physiological arousal participants would experience by 3 diff injection conditions
        
        epinephrine injection where participant was falsely informed that it would not have any effect on arousal
      - 2nd factor
        
        assigned participants to either situation that would lead them to interpret feelings as euphoria or anger
        
        euphoria
        
        confederate would get participant into a playful mood
        
        anger
        
        completed a questionnaire which included a list of insulting items alongside a confederate who would express anger
- - - - Both responded with similar degrees of anger, as measured by self-report and blood pressure
      - results
        
        blood pressure of Chinese-canadian recovered to baseline levels significantly faster than European-canadians
        
        chinese-canadians expressed their anger less intensely than european-canadians and were more comfortable with strategies to reduce their experience of anger
        
        inhibiting anger led to slower recovery of blood pressure for European-canadians -> suffered from physiological consequences if they did not openly express their anger
      - Chinese candian & European canadians brought into lab where they are exposed to a rude experimenter
    - - Asian-Canadian adopted strategies to minimise their anger response eg. reappraising situation & felt less angry
      - participants provided with scenarios that typically provoke feelings of anger
      - european-canadians more likely to express their anger and felt more anger
    - - study
        
        Either write shameful things they themselves have done or what another person close to them has done
        
        then asked to rate feelings of shame
        
        Chinese & American participants under 1 out of 2 conditions
        
        results
        
        when they themselves were transgressors, both chinese & american were equally ashamed
        
        Chinese were equally ashamed in response to family members' transgressors as if they were the ones committing them
        
        this tendency much weaker in Americans -> highlights relational nature of interdependent self-concepts
      - given the relational nature of self in interdepedent cultures->
        transgressions by ingroup members may also elicit strong feelings of shame and guilt for themselves
  - - - results
        
        "teeth" participants found the cartoon more amusing than "lips" participants
      - one group held a pen between their teeth without touching lips
      - participants asked to rate how amused they were with a cartoon
      - another group held pen between lips without touching teeth
- - - - asked participants to show expressions while imagining various events happening to them
      - showed same facial expressions (smile, frown, gape etc.)
      - they had least exposure to Western ways in the world
    - - happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger
      - controversy on whether to add contempt, shame & interest
      - pride
        
        recently pride has been proposed to be universal
        
        BUT involves whole body
        
        slight smile
        
        arms expanding
        
        erect posture
        
        head tilted back
        
        universally recognised and produced even by those born blind
    - - showed to 5 diff industrialised cultures
      - results showed people were able to pair the photos correctly to the respective emotions
      - took photos of people making 6 diff emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise)
      - HOWEVER, cos industrialised cultures, got exposure to similar media and literature
        -> possible that ppl from these cultures learned to express emotions that are similar across cultures -> may not be innate
- - - - ritualized displays
        
        Indians bite their tongues
        
        expressions are voluntarily produced and not reflexively generated
        
        eg. when embarassed
        
        americans turn head away look down and to the side, smile with pressed lips, touch their face
    - - study
        
        either watched it when experimenter was around or when alone
        
        results
        
        US and jap showed similar intensity of disgust on face when alone
        
        but when experimenter was around
        
        jap masked their face more often than did Americans
        
        jap are more sensitive to the immediate social context
        
        American and Japanese participants watched a clip Human Centipede
      - hence more likely to mask facial expressions & suppress anger
      - Japanese
        
        hence jap pay more attention to eyes when judging emotions of others compared to Americans, who attend more to area around mouth
        
        study
        
        participants were asked to decide what emotion was being expressed
        
        results
        
        judgements of American more influenced by bottom half of photos (i.e mouth)
        
        judgements of jap were more influenced by top half of photos (i.e looking at eyes)
        
        jap & american participants shown photos of ppl's expressions where top half of photos showed diff emotional expression than bottom half
        
        concealing mouth is a common practice making it harder to decipher emotional expressions on face
        
        study showing only eyes
        
        jap participants were more accurate in emotional judgements compared to Americans
      - relational harmony is emphasised, attention seeking is discouraged ->displaying intense emotions on face can be a bad thing