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Chapter 10, Chapter 12, Chapter 11 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10
Genetics of viruses and bacteria
viral DNA may become part of host chromosome
virus
capsid and nucleic acids
lytic cycle
lysogenic
prophage
emerging viruses threaten human health
HIV
AIDS
makes DNA on an RNA template
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase (RNA > DNA)
zika
prions are infectious proteins
misfolded proteins
bacteria can translate DNA in 3 ways
transformation
transduction
conjugation
bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
F factor
R plasmids
the flow of genetic information: DNA > RNA > protein
genes control phenotypic traits through expression of proteins
transcription: DNA to RNA
transcription produces genetic messages in form of RNA
RNA polymerase
promoters and terminator
initiation > elongation > termination
elongation adds amino acids to polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
translation: RNA to protein (nucleic acid to amino acids)
tRNA molecule serves as interpreters during translation
ribosome
builds polypeptides
rRNA + proteins
anticodon on one end
gene
gene
gene
gene
an initiation (start) codon marks the start of an mRNA message
genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequence
triplet code
codons
eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
RNA splicing
gets rid of introns
connects exons
add cap and tail
mutations affect genes
mutagens
silent mutation
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation
the structure of the genetic material
experiments showed DNA is the genetic material
Frederick Griffith
streptococcus pneumoniae
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
bacteriophages/phages
DNA & RNA are polymers
macromolecule: nucleic acids
monomer: nucleotides
polymer: polynucleotides
pyrimidines: thymine (T), cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA
DNA is a double helix
Rosalind, Watson, & Crick
DNA replication
DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
semi-conservative DNA replication
DNA replication proceeds in 2 directions at many sites simultaneously
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
DNA ligase
Okazaki fragments
mutations
mutagens
Chapter 12
genomics and bioinformics
small segments of DNA can be sequenced directly
genome
genomics: scientific study of whole genomes
Human Genome Project revealed that most of human genome does not consist of genes
whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
field of bioinformatics is expanding our understanding of genomes
proteomics
gene cloning and editing
genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids
biotechnology
DNA technology
GMOs
recombinant DNA
gene cloning
bacterial plasmids (vector) with recombinant DNA
DNA cloning
genetic engineering
enzymes are used to cut and paste DNA
restriction enzyme
restriction site
DNA ligase
restriction fragments
nucleic acid probes can label specific DNA segments
plasmid
reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning
complementary DNA (cDNA)
reverse transcriptase
GMOs
recombinant cells and organizms can mass-produce gent products
DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
vaccines
gene therapy may someday help treat variety of diseases
GMOs transform agriculture
transgenic organism
DNA profiling
analysis of genetic markers can produce DNA profile
The PCR method used to amplify DNA sequence
PCR with primers
gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
short tandem repeat analysis used for DNA profiling
repetitive DNA: short tandem repeats
forensics
Chapter 11
control of gene expression
proteins interact with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on/off in response to environment changes
gene exression
gene regulation
operons
inducible operon
repressible operon
activates repressor
regulatory proteins
regulatory gene
chromosome structure and chemical modification can affect gene expression
cells differentiate
nucleosomes: histones + DNA
X chromosome inactivation
barr body
epigenetic inheritance
epigenetic
complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription
eukaryotes usually use activators
transcription factors
operator and promoter
transcription
eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way
alternative RNA splicing
RNA splicing
noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
functional RNAs
miRNA
block translation
siRNA
interference of translation
RNA
cell signaling and waves of gene expression direct animal development
homeotic genes
researchers can monitor the expression of specific genes
nucleic acid hybridization
DNA microarray
cloning of plants and animals
plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
clone
clone
totipotent
regeneration
biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
reproductive cloning
therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
therapeutic cloning
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
genetic basis of cancer
cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division
proto-oncogene > oncogene
tumor-suppressor gene
lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer
carcinogen