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civics & citizenships, r0_74_800_526_w1200_h678_fmax, download (3) -…

- - - - those that are involved an individual who behaved in an unacceptable way being charged by the police and often receiving a sanction
      - an individual who has committed an illegal act that inflicts harm on another individual and/or society, is taken to court by the state government
      - summary are minor crimes which are generally heard in the ministrations
    - - involve private people or organisation fighting over an alleged breach of individual rights
      - types of civil cases
        
        negligence
        
        an individual claims they have suffered injury due to another person's failure to take reasonable care when here is responsibility to do so
        
        breach of contract
        
        one individual believes another has failed to carry out the terms of legal blinding contract
        
        defamation
        
        a person believes they have suffered harm due t another person making false statement pubilicaly
- - - - Not all members belong to a political party
        
        These members are called independents
        
        Some may have belonged to a political party but were dissatisfied
        
        They play a powerful role in parliament, particularly if the major party relied on their vote to pass important laws
  - - - AKA house f representative
      - Australia is divided up into 150 geographical divisions known as electorates, or seats
      - Each electorate has roughly 94000 voters
      - image of lower house
    - - AKA the senate
      - originally set up to protect the interest of the state
      - originally set up to protect the interest of the state
      - image of upper house
  - - - This is also called a party platform which sets out the party’s goals in order to appeal to voters
    - - The government of the day is said to have been given the mandate to implement the policies they promoted during the election campaign
- - - - Citizens meeting together to make laws for their society
    - - Representative are elected to make laws on our behalf
  - - - Treating others with consideration and valuing their views, beliefs, and rights
    - - Rights and privileges for all, without discriminations based n gender, race, religion, age, sexual orientation or level of education. All citizens have the right to the same opportunities.
    - - All people are treated fairly, or without injustice, and are given an equal opportunity. Also known as a ‘fair go’ in Australia
    - - Rights, privileges, and responsibilities for all without interference, or control from other citizens or government
  - - - Consisting of two chambers or houses, that is elected by the people to make laws on their behalf. Citizens vote for members of the parliament in free and fair elections and all laws must be passed by a majority of the representative in both houses
    - - To act as the head of state and hold various powers including being required to give final approved to all laws mace by the parliament. The sovereign or crown also has a ceremonial role, including representing the country at national and international events
  - - - The right to vote
        
        Protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms
        
        The right to trial by jury
        
        The right to freedom of religion
        
        Protection against discrimination
    - - Voting in elections
        
        Jury service
        
        Pay taxes
        
        Obeying the law
- - - - Most laws in Aus are made by parliament
      - This is referred to as Statutory law
      - A parliament is a group of people elected by the majority of society to make laws on their behalf
      - Laws made by parliament are referred to as legislation, statutes or acts
      - Commonwealth parliament makes laws for all of Australia
      - Each state/ territory has its own elected parliament to make laws for that specific state/territory
  - - - Judges in higher courts can make laws on occasion
      - Judges make laws through setting precedent – when a judge makes a decision to resolve a dispute, the reasoning behind their decision creates a legal principle or law that must be followed by judges in other courts when a similar case arises
      - Judges also make laws through statutory interpretation – a judge may be called to resolve a dispute in which there is existing legislation, but the wording of the legislation of the legislation is unclear
      - Laws made by judges is know as common laws
    - - Our laws apply equally individuals and organisation throughout Australia and must be upheld by all
      - The law can only be enforced and altered by those with the legal limit to do so
- - - - Lack of legal assistance for those who cannot afford a lawyer
      - Complex and time- consuming court processes and procedures
      - Increasing number and complexity of cases being brought to court