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CH.12 - Social Psychology - Coggle Diagram
CH.12 - Social Psychology
What is social psychology? - examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation
Situationism - the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings
Self-serving bias - The tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
Attribution - a belief about the cause of a result
Dispositionism - the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors
Fundamental attribution error - assuming the behavior of someone else is a trait of that person & underestimating the power of the situation on behavior
Individualistic culture - a culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy (they have the greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error)
Collectivistic culture - is, a culture that focuses on communal relationships with others, such as family, friends, and community (they are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error)
Internal factor - an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament
Actor-observer bias - the phenomenon of attributing other people’s behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces
Just-world-hypothesis - the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
Self-presentation
Social role - a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Social norm - a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members
Script - a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting
Stanford prison experiment - demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts by having participants play the roles of prisoners and guards in a fake prison
Attitudes & Persuasion
Attitude - our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object
Persuasion - the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication
Central route - logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness
Peripheral route - an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
Foot-in-the-door technique - the persuader gets the person to agree to a small favor, only to request a larger favor later on
Cognitive dissonance - psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
Prejudice & Discrimination
Prejudice - a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group
Stereotype - a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group
Self-fulfilling prophecy - an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true
Confirmation bias - seeking out information that supports our stereotypes and ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
In-group bias - a preference for our own group over other groups
In-group - a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
Out-group - a group that we view as fundamentally different from us
Scapegoating - the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
Discrimination - negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group
types of prejudice & discrimination
Racism - prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group
Sexism - prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
Ageism - prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
Homophobia - prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
Aggression - humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person.
Hostile Aggression - motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
Instrumental Aggression - motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
Bullying - repeated negative treatment of another person
Bystander effect - a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
Diffusion of responsibility - the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
Cyberbullying - bullying that is typically covert, concealed, done in private, and the bully can remain anonymous
Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
Conformity - the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group
Normative social influence - people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
Informational social influence - people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information
Confederate - a person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher
Asch effect - the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
Obedience - the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure
Groupthink - the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
Group polarization - the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group
Social facilitation - when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone
Social loafing - the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group
Prosocial behavior - voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
Altruism - people’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
Empathy - the capacity to understand another person’s perspective
Forming relationships
Homophily - the tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
Reciprocity - the give and take in relationships
Self-disclosure - the sharing of personal information
Triangular theory of love - a triangle that defines multiple types of love, created by Sternberg
Consummate love - intimacy, passion, and commitment
Companionate love - intimacy and commitment but no passion
Romantic love - passion and intimacy, but no commitment
Social exchange theory - the way we keep a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others