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Development of Naval Projects, Jorge Romero - Cédula 3-749-724 - Coggle…
Development of Naval Projects
Preparación
Cost - Benefit
Cost-benefit analysis of the different designs of a project allows you to select the one that best contributes to the development objectives.
The essential difference between cost-benefit analysis and the ordinary investment assessment methods used by companies is the emphasis on social costs and benefits
The most commonly used methods in this type of analysis are: internal rate of return, net and current value, and cost-efficiency analysis.
Contingency Vision
This approach showed that virtually all administrative functions are contingent on the elements of a situation.
The administrator's task is to identify the technique that will serve to reach the kills, in a specific situation.
Goals and Strategies
Importance of Goals
Goals provide a sense of direction:
Without a goal, individuals, like organizations, tend to confusion, without direction There is no clear response or response to changes in the environment
Goals allow us to focus our efforts:
Resources are indisputably scarce, but can potentially be used to achieve various goals
Goal or objective
: These are the purposes for which a particular activity is directed.
Goals guide plans and decisions: Organizations respond by formulating contextualized plans for short-term or long-term decisions, which helps make key decisions
Goals allow us to assess our progress: A clearly defined, measurable, and dated goal easily becomes a performance standard.
Importance of Planning
Strategies
We can define it as a guideline or plan that integrates the objectives, policies, and sequences of main actions of an organization into a coherent whole.
Goals and strategies are important, for four reasons:
Goals allow us to focus our efforts.
Goals guide our plans and decisions.
Goals provide a sense of direction.
Goals are used to evaluate our progress.
Current Needs
Managers should be willing to contribute to the establishment of objective performance measures through both verifiable results analysis and measurement of individual capacities.
The normal procedure is to trace the cause of an unsatisfactory result to the people responsible for it and get them to correct their practices.
Many factors can help avoid this possibility:
The desire of administrators to learn
Accelerating administrative development programs
More effective innovation planning
Better methods for evaluating and rewarding administrative performance
More adequate information and greater emphasis on administrative research, development and inventiveness.
Suspport
Goals and Benefits
It is obvious that long-term objectives can be achieved more easily if carefully crafted plans exist for them.
A company in developing general objectives, strategies and policies provides a foundation for executives at lower levels to make their decisions in the form of senior management.
An effective process of strategic planning will not do much good if the specific objectives are not set at some point.
Algunos beneficios conductuales que pueden considerarse esenciales son:
Training of Managers
Sense of participation
Communication channel
Prospective Definition
The size of a company is an important dimension in determining the type of systems that the company can adopt.
The complexity of the environment also has an important influence on projects.
Goals searched with a planning system represent an important element such as:
Interpersonal relationships, authority process, conflict resolution processes, Ability to change organizational structures, management skills, relative emphasis on the company.
The Activity Manuals may also cover the following information:
The way the management can integrates strategic planning into managerial duty.
Missions and Philosophies of the project
Senior management issues
Environmental assessment to be used as a premise in planning
Objectives, contingency plans and arguments.
Birth of an Idea
Project
After correcting, discussing and approved the preliminary draft, the final project is developed in plans and models.
Basic information for the development of a project
Prior to the work of developing a project s, it should collect basic information from the following areas:
The activities that will be carried out with the project
The economic and/or cooperating resources that will be possible to obtain for the financing of the project.
Objectives and goals expected to be achieved from the project.
The activities developed by the project.
Determine the target population of the market to which the project product is oriented.
The working methodology to be used for the development of the project.
Diagnosis of the economic and social reality of the market segment to which the project is oriented.
The pre-development of a budget for its continuity and support.
The birth of an idea is the creator's vision by exposing needs and desires. A first short document is created that contains the preliminary draft.
Market Research
It covers all activities that enable an organization to obtain information they require to make decisions about their environment, their marketing mix (price, product, place and promotion) and their current or potential customers.
Aspects of market research:
It participates in the three phases of the marketing management process: planning, implementation and evaluation.
It's more than just getting data.
Recognizes the investigator's responsibility to collect useful information for the executives.
Organization
Information System
It is a set of elements that interact with each other in order to support the activities of a company or business.
Types and Uses of Information Systems:
Provide information to support the decision-making process.
Achieve competitive advantages through its implementation and use.
Automation of operational processes.
Standards and Average
A standard can be defined as a unit of measure that serves as a model, guide, or pattern based on which the control is performed.
Measurement of results:
If the control is set appropriately and if there are means available to determine exactly what subordinates are doing, comparing actual performance with expected is easy.
Function Definition
Beyond the powers of persons with specific preventive functions, the organization of prevention is based on the clear and unequivocal definition of preventive functions and responsibilities at the different hierarchical levels of a company.
Management, Responsible for the different functional units, Intermediate Commands, and Workers.
Tracking System
Quick Evaluation Methods
These are quick and low-cost methods of obtaining the views and comments of beneficiaries and other stakeholders to meet the information needs of decision-makers.
Participatory methods
They allow active intervention in decision-making for those who have something to do with a project, program or strategy.
Theory-based evaluation
It bears several similarities to the concept of logical framework but allows a much deeper understanding of how a program or activity works.
Expense tracking studies
They allow you to track the expense flow and determine the extent to which resources actually reach the target groups.
Logical Framework Approach
The logical framework helps clarify the objectives of any project, programme or policy.
Cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis
They are tools for determining whether or not the costs of an activity may be justified by results and effects.
Measurement of results:
They are instruments that allow to measure the inputs, processes, products, results and effects of projects, programs or development strategies.
Effects Assessment
It is the systematic identification of positive or negative, deliberate or involuntary impacts as a result of a particular development activity, for example, a program or project.
Start-up
Replaneación
Often a social body manages to leave behind its current structure when: New products, new functions, new procedures, new personnel, have been added and increasing its magnitude.
A reorganization work can be carried out by consultants outside the body and will provide the agency with specialized knowledge, more experience and an external view of your problems.
Reorganization Objectives
Increase efficiency the development of the agency's operations to get a better use of its resources.
Accurately define lines of authority to avoid situations such as; duplication of authority, excessive centralization, too many levels of authority, and difficult to understand structuring.
Achieve greater coordination between the internal activities of administrative units to promote a synchronization and harmony of ways of operating.
Presentation of Results
Auditory
After one or two years, an audit of the application should be carried out to check whether it is still appropriate or whether changes need to be made.
When and where are the results needed?
There may be time constraints that reduce the ways in which results can be presented.
Operation balance
After several months of operation of the application, a balance sheet should be made to appreciate the benefits that it has actually produced to the company.
How will the results be presented?
How the results are presented will depend on the type of information that has been collected (qualitatively or quantitatively)
Quantitative results (numbers) are more easily presented visually, such as tables or graphs, while qualitative results (descriptions) can be presented in case studies.
Performance Assessment
It is the process by which the overall performance of the employee is estimated.
Informal evaluations, based on daily work, are necessary but insufficient.
As a general rule, the human resources department develops performance assessments for employees in all departments.
Advantages of performance assessment.
Improve performance, through feedback.
Compensation policies: Can help determine who deserves to receive increases.
Location decisions: Promotions, transfers, and separations are based on previous or expected performance.
Training and development needs: Insufficient performance may indicate the need to re-train, or un exploited potential.
Career Planning and Development: Guides decisions about specific career possibilities.
Job design errors: Insufficient performance can indicate errors in the conception of the position.
External challenges: Performance is sometimes influenced by external factors such as family, health, finance, etc., which can be identified in assessments.
Information Gathering
Obtaining primary data through interviews, observation or both is often the weakest step in the research process.
It is difficult to motivate them, because they are usually part-time employees who perform a monotonous task.
Jorge Romero - Cédula 3-749-724