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Alzheimer's Disease, Citations - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mutations of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease
    - - Causes dominantly inherited AD
    - - Mutations destroy nerve cells leading to loss of thought and memory
  - - - Hyperinsulinemia disrupts brain Amyloid Beta clearance by competing for the insulin-degrading enzyme
    - - Decreases vascular integrity of blood-brain barrier which results in protein extravasation into brain tissue causing cell damage, apoptosis, and increased risk in Amyloid Beta accumulation
    - - Obesity increases the risk of AD by 60%
- - - - Galantamine (Razadyne)
        
        Helps nerve cells communicate with each other by stopping acetylcholine from being broken down in brain.
        
        Approved for mild-to-moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease.
      - Donepezil (Aricept)
        
        Helps nerve cells communicate with each other by stopping acetylcholine from being broken down in brain.
        
        Approved to
        treat all stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
      - Rivastigmine (Exelon)
        
        Increases levels of acetylcholine which allows the nerve cells to communicate.
        
        Approved for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s as well
        as mild to moderate dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease.
    - - Regulates the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information processing, storage and retrieval.
      - Can cause side effects, including headache, constipation, confusion and dizziness.
      - Improves mental function and ability to perform daily activities for some people.
  - - - Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
        
        Rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior.
      - Quetiapine (Seroquel)
        
        Rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior.
      - Haloperidol (Haldol)
        
        Inhibits the effects of dopamine and increasing its turnover.
      - Clozapine (Clozaril)
        
        Blocks dopamine type 4 receptors, serotonin type 2 receptors, norepinephrine receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and histamine receptors in the brain.
      - Risperidone (Risperdal)
        
        Rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior.
      - Aripiprazole (Abilify)
        
        Rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior.
      - Ziprasidone (Geodon)
        
        Rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior.
      - Only used if...
        
        Behavioral symptoms are due to mania or psychosis.
        
        The symptoms present a danger to the person or others.
        
        The person is experiencing inconsolable or persistent distress, a significant decline in function or substantial difficulty receiving needed care.
    - - Oxazepam (Serax)
        
        Inhibits spinal polysynaptic afferent pathways together with inhibition of monosynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal muscle relaxing.
      - Lorazepam (Ativan)
        
        Increases the levels of gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA), in brain to help patient relax.
    - - Fluoxetine (Prozac)
        
        Prevents the brain from reabsorbing naturally occurring serotonin.
      - Paroxeine (Paxil)
        
        Prevents the brain from reabsorbing naturally occurring serotonin.
      - Citalopram (Celexa)
        
        Works by helping to restore serotonin in the brain.
      - Sertraline (Zoloft)
        
        Prevents the brain from reabsorbing naturally occurring serotonin.
      - Trazodone (Desyrel)
        
        Inhibits both serotonin transporter and serotonin type 2 receptors.
    - - Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
        
        Stops the electrical signals from building up in the nerve cells in the brain. It also reduces the release of glutamate.
  - - - Lorazepam
        
        Increases levels of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) make patient feel drowsy and sleepy.
      - Oxazepam
        
        Increases levels of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) make patient feel drowsy and sleepy.
      - Temazepam
        
        Increases levels of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) make patient feel drowsy and sleepy.
    - - Zolpidem
        
        Boosts GABA levels that block some of the neurotransmitters that send messages in the brain.
      - Zaleplon
        
        Boosts GABA levels that block some of the neurotransmitters that send messages in the brain.
      - Chloral Hydrate
        
        Slows the activity of your central nervous system.