In the primitive hordes of hunters, composed of dozens of people, all did the

same; there were no differences among its members. In the tribes, made up of

hundreds of people, a few individuals differed from magicians, shamans, and

sorcerers who channeled myths, lies and superstitions into the unknown, gaining

influence and often becoming leaders of the tribe. The development of agriculture

and technology created the necessary conditions what for the society became

more complex; appeared the division of work. As a logic consequence, appeared

the trade, the markets and merchants

An ancient state was a political organization, or power of organization that

controlled a territory and a subordinated population. The states established a

city like a capital.

The archeologists had found that the first states appeared between

4000 and 3000 B.C., in the IV millennium exactly where the intensive

develop of agriculture had been taken, to the west of actual Iran, in

Mesopotamia, and in Egypt too.

Sumerian, situated to the south of

the old Mesopotamia was the first

and the oldest civilization of the

world. Emerged from settlements

that were unified under military

leaders, such as Lugalzagesi,

Sagon of Acad, Ur-Nammu and

Hammurabi, which we have

already mentioned.