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Chapter 13: Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures, discrimination:…
Chapter 13: Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures
13.2: Detecting Hidden Prejudices
13.1: Defining Prejudice
13.3: The Effects of Prejudice on the Victim
13.4: Causes of Prejudice
13.5 Reducing Prejudice
discrimination: Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group
Discrimination can subtly occur through microaggressions, defined as the “slights, indignities, and put-downs” that many minorities routinely encounter
Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole, through unequal intentional or unintentional bias or selection
in-group bias
The tendency to favor members of one’s own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant
being in the in-group makes you want to win against members of the out-group and leads you to treat the latter unfairly, because such tactics build your self-esteem and feeling of “belongingness.”
out-group homogeneity
The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are
prejudice
A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group; it contains cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components
emotions play a large role: the emotional aspect of attitudes that makes a prejudiced person so hard to argue with; logical arguments are not always effective in countering emotions.
human mind can't avoid creating categories: stereotypes
Prejudices have a cognitive element (a stereotype) and can influence behavior (in the form of discrimination)
One method to identify suppressed prejudices is to send identical résumés to potential employers, varying only a name that indicates gender, implies race, mentions religious affiliation, or describes an applicant as obese : employer often shows bias in hiring
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A test thought to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face (e.g., black or white, old or young, Asian or white) with a positive or negative association (e.g., the words honest or evil)
Repeatedly, people respond more quickly when White faces are paired with positive words and when Black faces are paired with negative words. That speed difference is said to be a measure of their implicit attitudes toward African Americans because it’s harder for their unconscious minds to link African Americans with positive words.
social identity threat: The threat elicited when people perceive that others are evaluating them as a member of their group instead of as an individual
How to avoid these effects: Experimental and field studies have found that thinking about important social identities other than the negatively stereotyped one can help to counteract the effects of feeling stigmatized, disrespected, or incompetent
ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
institutional discrimination: Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice
The view that social interactions between social groups would reduce prejudice came to be called the contact hypothesis.
The contact hypothesis has been supported by many studies in the laboratory and in the real world. Contact with other groups eases prejudice for a variety of groups, such as young people’s attitudes toward the elderly, healthy people’s attitudes toward the mentally ill, nondisabled children’s attitudes toward the disabled, and heterosexual people’s prejudices toward the LGBTQ community
jigsaw classroom: A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, multiethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class
Compared to students in traditional classrooms, students in jigsaw groups became less prejudiced and liked their groupmates more, both within and across ethnic boundaries.
Self fulfilling prophecy: Suppose that there is a general belief that a particular group is irredeemably uneducable and fit only for low-paying jobs. Why waste educational resources on them? Hence, they are given inadequate schooling and fail to acquire the skills they need for well-paying careers. Hence, they face a limited number of jobs that are available and that they can do.
normative conformity
The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance
blaming the victim
The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place
Realistic conflict theory
The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination
