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Motor Speech and Swallowing - Coggle Diagram
Motor Speech and Swallowing
Direct Motor System
Primary Motor Area
Premotor Area
Planning movements
Motor programming
Supplementary Motor Area
Planning movements
Motor programming
Inhibits competing speech related signals going to the primary motor cortex that could interfere with motor behavior
Indirect Motor System
Basal Ganglia
combination of multiple structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala
main component of indirect motor system
prohibits excitatory commands of incoming signals
Cerebellum
mainly involved in regulating motor acts through balance and coordination information such as gait and posture
fine tunes information that originated from premotor and primary motor areas
Other CNS structures involved in motor
Precentral gyrus
composed of the motor homunculus: nerves here innervate different parts of the body and are responsible for voluntary movements
signals for different types of movements originate in the primary motor area
receives proprioceptive and tactile feedback in order to control or adjust the motor signals before it is sent down to the lower regions
voluntary actions
key origin points for all motor tracts
Cingulate gyrus
curved fold covering the corpus callosum
expression of emotions using gestures, posture, and movements
direct connections involving neurons that connect cingulate gyrus to primary motor cortex
Thalamus
lies beneath cortex in each hemisphere
relays sensori-motor information to the cortex
sensory info from the PNS passes through thalamaus before reaching cortex
motor info from the CNS passes through the thalamus before reaching lower regions
contributes to cortically mediated speech and language functions
Neurons and Muscles
Sensory neurons
cell bodies are present in spinal cord
receptors pick up stimuli and send to the brain via spinal cord
Motor neurons
upper motor neurons: connect brainstem and spinal cord to cortical regions
lower motor neurons: connect brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles
pick up info at the level of the brain, carry signals down through the spinal cord and to the muscles
Interneurons
allow sensory and motor to communicate with each other
present in the CNS
Skeletal muscles
fascicles compose muscles
fibers compose fascicles
cell membrane is called sarcolemma
muscles fibers are called myofibril
myofibrils are composed of myosin and actin
sliding motion that results in binding of myosin and actin results in the contraction of the muscles
sacromere length reduces during contraction
transverse tubules are responsible for transferring positive ions
sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing calcium ions, for action potential to be transmitted, and for contraction of the muscle
Neuro-muscular junction
where the synapse occurs
sarcolemma is referred to as the motor end plate here
motor end plate becomes depolarized
Action potential reaches LMN axon terminal
calcium flows in
calcium ions move synaptic vesicles
release of neurotransmitter (ACh)
ACh attaches to the receptor on the motor end plate
causes Na+ to flow into the muscle cell
muscle cell is depolarized
motor end plate potential is created
Excitation coupling
sodium ions flow into muscle cell
motor end plate is depolarized
sodium ions invade the muscle cell via T-Tubules
calcium channels in SR are triggered
Ca2+ in released
cell is more depolarized
Ca2+ allow actin and myosin to bind together
contraction of sacromere
contraction of muscle itself
Motor Unit
final common pathway
where the lower motor neuron innervate muscles
each motor neuron can innervate thousands of muscles
innervation ratio: low is fine motor movements, high is gross motor movements