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CELL, TAN WEI KANG A20EB0079, Permanent changes in cell's DNA, Certain…

- - - - Result in silent mutation, nonsense mutation, missense mutation and frameshift mutation
- - - - large ribosomal subunit : 3 binding sites
        
        A site (Arrival)
        
        P site (Polypeptide building)
        
        E site (Exit)
      - Formation of peptide bond
        
        Second tRNA arrive at A site (carrying amino acid 2)
        
        Extension of Polypeptide
        
        The successive tRNA will repeat the process above, forming a polypeptide chain until the ribosome reach the stop codon
        
        Completion and release of Polypeptide
        
        Termination occur at stop codon, protein-releasing factor bonds with stop codon, releasing the polypeptide, separating ribosomal subunits and freeing mRNA strand
        
        Anticodon of 2nd tRNA binds to second codon
        
        Amino acid 1 attach with amino acid 2 (peptide bond)
        
        Amino acid 1 is removed from 1st tRNA
        
        1st tRNA will detach from E site, 2nd tRNA will enter P site and 3rd tRNA will arrive at A site as the ribosomal subunit move 1 codon further
- - - - 3a. Protein constructed on free ribosomes are released into cytosol.
        
        3b. Protein synthesis on fixed ribosome occurs at the RER, proteins folds into 3D shape.
        
        Proteins are modified by ER, then bud off, forming transport vesicles.
        
        Transport vesicles carry proteins and and glycoproteins generated in ER toward Golgi Apparatus.
        
        Transport vesicles combine to form cisternae on the cis face. Modification and packing occurs as the cisternae move towards maturing trans face.
        
        Maturing trans face generated vesicle that carry modified proteins away from GA, another type become lysosome (contains digestive enzymes).
        
        1 more item...
- - - - After the transcription process, introns (parts of mRNA that do not carry information for protein synthesis) are removed to produce mature mRNA