Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Populations and Ecosystems
Population: individuals of the same species and together they constitute this
Habitat: set of conditions where an organism completes its life cycle
for migratory animals; the winter area, summer area, and migration routes are all habitat components
no plants are migratory but portions of them are...like spores, pollen, fruits, seeds, and vegetative propagules move through the habitat
Operational habitat
There are two habitat components: abiotic and biotic
Abiotic: they are nonliving and are physical phenomena (climate, soil, latitude, altitude, and disturbances like fires, floods, and avalanches)
Biotic: living factors like the plant itself, other plant species, and species of animals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes
Climate: important to all organisms; most species are restricted to certain regions primarily because they cannot live in climatic conditions outside those regions
has many components like temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, winds, etc.
Horizon: uppermost and sometimes called the zone of leaching
consists of litter and debris; as it breaks down rain water washes nutrients from it downward into the next layer
B horizon: zone of depression
area where materials from the A horizon accumulate. rich in nutrients and contains both humus and clay
C horizon: below B horizon; composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
Mutualism: where the interaction is beneficial for both organisms
if it is disadvantageous then it is competition (situation where two populations do not grow as well together as they do separately because they use the same limited supply of resources
Competitive exclusion: where species are less adapted are excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
Niche: each species are assumed to be adapted to a particular set of conditions that no other species is adapted to use as efficiently
Predation: relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed
the species that benefits seeks out the other and uses it specifically for food or some other form of resource
Limiting factor: determines the health of the plant
Random distribution: used whenever there is no obvious identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
Clumped distributions: those where the spacing between plants is either small or large but rarely average
Uniform distributions: types that occur in orchards and tree plantations; all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbors
A chemical that inhibits other plants are allelochemics and the inhibition is allelopathy
Demography: relative proportions of young, middle aged and old individuals
r-selected species: annuals or small shrubby perennials because the disturbed habitat gradually changes back into a crowded one that is no longer suitable for the pioneer r species
k-selected species: crowded habitat where a population is close to its carrying capacity, select for phenotypes very different from those that are beneficial in a disturbed habitat
Physiognomic structure: the physical size and shape of the organisms and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment
Temporal structure: changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
Species composition: number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem and it depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful, the soil is rich or poor, and the species' tolerance ranges are broad or narrow
Trophic levels: basically feeding levels; each ecosystem contains some members, autotrophs, that bring energy into the system
Primary producers: (Autotrophs) first step of any food web
Primary consumer: herbivores
Secondary Consumer: carnivores
