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populations and ecosystem, cross link description in commensal as well as…

- - - - winter area
      - summer area
    - - spores
      - pollen
      - fruits
      - vegetative propagules
  - - - climate
        
        tolerance range
      - soil
        
        pioneers
        
        A horizon
        
        B horizon
        
        c horizon
      - altitude and latitude
        
        at equator
        
        no seasonal variation occur
        
        photo period
      - disturbances
        
        fires
        
        floods
        
        avalanches
        
        devastation
        
        chances of survival very low
  - - - being at its habitat
      - modifies habitat and becomes its part
      - habitat modification
        
        beneficial
        
        detrimental
        
        neutral
    - - mutualism
        
        interaction beneficial for both
        
        two individual involved
      - competition
        
        disadvantageous
        
        do not grow well together
        
        compete for light ,nutrient ,water
      - competitive exclusions
        
        extensively debatable
        
        less adapted
        
        excluded by superior competitors
        
        niche of ecosystem
        
        difficult to define
        
        directly affect habitat
        
        transplant experiments
        
        ecotypes
        
        common garden
    - - commensal relationship
        
        one is benefited #
        
        other is unaffected
      - predation
        
        one is benefited
        
        another is harmed
        
        pathogenic
      - herbivore and herbivory
        
        survive on plant
        
        herbivory :browsing or grazing
  - - - boundaries of geographic range
        
        limiting factor
      - local geographic distribution
        
        random distribution
        
        clumped distribution
        
        uniform distributions
        
        allelochemics
        
        allelopathy
    - - generation time
      - biotic potential
      - carrying capacity #
    - - r type
        
        species are annuals
        
        small shrubby
        
        perennials
        
        few defences against predators
      - k type
        
        close to carrying capacity
        
        every site is filled