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CHAPTER 25: POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS, 23331239751_c7783a03b8_o, energy…
CHAPTER 25: POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS
Concepts
individuals
population
community
ecosystem
change is common
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
habitat
set of conditions
operational habitat
aspects known to affect plant
components
Abiotic
Climate
restricts where species live
temperature
extremes
growing season
precipitation
amount
type
duration
tolerance range
varies from species to species
Soil Factors
parent rock
nutrients
pioneers
primary and secondary succession
horizons
C
mostly parent rock
B
deposition
A
organic and leaching
age
Latitude and Altitude
sunlight
day length
seasons
temperature
#
winds
Disturbances
fires, landslides, earthquakes, floods, etc
cause a significant change to ecosystem
eliminate individuals
alter soil
#
man-made
insecticides, herbicides, hunting, habitat destruction
species adapt due to disturbances
moderate disturbances may even be beneficial to some species
Biotic
The Plant Itself
alters habitat
can be beneficial or harmful for other members of species
shading
helpful for beeches and oaks
harmful for pines
pioneer species/ succession
#
alters habitat to become more favorable for other species
Other Plant Species
mutualism
competition
limited resources
competitive exclusion
niches
niche partitioning
ecosystem diversity
ecotypes
transplant experiments
common garden
Organisms Other Than Plants
mutualism
pollination
seed dispersal
ants and acacias
commensal relationships
one species benefits and other is unaffected
birds building nests in trees
sticky seeds
predation
herbivores
browsing
twigs and leaves
deer, giraffes
grazing
herbs
sheep, cattle
pathogenic
fungi and bacteria
The Structure of Populations
Age Distribution:
Demography
generation time
intrinsic rate of natural increase
#
r
carrying capacity
#
K
r
- and
K
- Selection
r
-Selection
disturbance
pioneer species
annuals, small shrubby perennials
j-curve
A
K
-Selection
live long time
hold onto site
face intense competition
s-curve
B
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
limiting factor
light, water, nitrogen, etc.
plant's innate capability
biotic factors
soil factors
Local Geographic Distribution
types
random
clumped
uniform
allelochemics
allelopathy
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species Composition
number and diversity of species
climate
mild
stressful
soil
rich
poor
tolerance ranges
#
broad
narrow
Trophic Levels
autotrophs
bring energy into system
photosynthesizers
chemosynthesizers
primary producers
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
decomposers
flow through system
carbon
energy
minerals
pyramids
accumulation
Temporal Structure
changes over time
daily
seasonally
winter/summer
wet/dry
Physiognomic Structure
size, shape, and distribution
trees, shrubs, and herbs
life forms
means by which plant survives stressful seasons
Niches in the Jet Age
human travel increases
organisms hitchhike
allows organisms to occupy niches they couldn't otherwise
invasive species
