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Populations and Ecosystems Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 9.24.22 AM, Soil…
Populations and Ecosystems Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 9.24.22 AM
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
critically important
components
temperature
rainfall
relative
humidity
winds
growing season
determined by
date of the
last severe killing frost
of spring
first killing frost
of autumn
length
adequate for
sufficient photosynthesis,
growth/development
reproduction
tolerance range
vary greatly
Soil Factors
pioneers
first plant
tolerate
severe condition
nitrogen fixing prokaryotes
no neighbors
formed by
breakdown of rock
A Horizon
uppermost
zone of leaching;
litter and debris
B Horizon
humus and clay
zone of deposition
C Horizon
parent rock/ rock fragment
Disturbance
pheomena
landslide
snow avalanches
fires
produce significant/ radical change
ecosystem
quickly
affects directly
man-made disturbance
hunting
habitat destruction
insecticides/herbicides
Latitude & Altitude
no seasonal variation
plants cannot measure
12 hours long days
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
an individual
modifies the habitat
is a part
Other Plant Species
mutualism
beneficial
competition
disadvantageous
competitive exclusion
result of competition
niche
ecotypes
transplant experiment
Organisms Other Than Plants
important aspect of
plant's habitat
animal
fungi
prokaryotes
many relationship between
plants and animals
#
pollination
seed dispersal
commensal relationship
one benifits
other is unaffected
Predation
one benifit
other harmed
example
herbivore grazing
pathogenic
interrelation betweem
plant and fungi
set of condition
organism completes
life cycle
operational habitat
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
#
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
limiting factor
applies to
all aspect of plant
any factor
water
extreme temperature
Local Geographic Distribution
Clumped Distribution
spacing between plants
either
small or large
results from
many factors
random distribution
no identifiable pattern
to the position
of individuals
no predictive value
Uniform Distribution
evenly spaced
from their neighbors
not extremely common
intraspecies competition
theoretically posible if
releases chemical
allelochemics
allelopathy
Age Distribution: Demography
relative proportions of
young, middle-aged, and old individuals
difficult to apply in plants
possible population growth
factors
Generation time
population increase
in terms of
generations
intrinsic rate of natural increase
biotic pottential
does not equal
the number of seeds
produced
many seed
no germination
no. of offspring
produced by
an individual
which lives to
1 more item...
carrying capacity (K)
no of individual
that can live
in a
particular ecosystem
birth rate
decreases
death rate
increases
r- and K- Selection
r-Selection
#
population density low
the spread of
predators and pathogens
slow
r-selected species
small shrubby prennials
disturbed habitat
chnges to
crowded one
K-Selection
close to its
carrying capacity
K-selected species
Douglas firs
bristle cone pines
face intense competition
•The Structure of Ecosystems
Temporal Structure
changes
ecosystem undergoes
with time constitute
many plants
daily rhythms
changes dramatically
with the seasons
spring
renewed activity
-Species Composition
no. and diversity of
species
coexist in an
ecosystem
depends on
climate
soil
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape
of organism
and their distribution
in relation to
a system of
life form
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
photosynthesis
dominant
Green vascular plants
important
primary producers
autotrophs
first step
energy and nutrient supply (food)
for herbivores
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
Decomposer
fungi, bacteria
break down the remains
of organism
Tertiary consumers
carnivores
energy flow
carbon flow
Pyramid
ecology
population
community
ecosystem
study of organism
Soil factors often produce abrupt boundaries for the geographic ranges of
populations
