Populations and Ecosystems Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 9.24.22 AM

Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats

Abiotic Components of the Habitat

Biotic Components of the Habitat

The Structure of Populations

Geographic Distribution #

Age Distribution: Demography


r- and K- Selection

•The Structure of Ecosystems

Temporal Structure Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 11.42.48 PM

-Species Composition

Physiognomic Structure

Trophic Levels Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 10.26.29 PM

ecology

population

community

ecosystem

set of condition

organism completes

life cycle

operational habitat

Climate

Soil Factors Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 10.18.53 AM

Disturbance Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 12.31.56 PM

Latitude & Altitude Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 10.22.11 AM

critically important

components

temperature

rainfall

relative

humidity

winds

pioneers

formed by

breakdown of rock

first plant

tolerate

severe condition

nitrogen fixing prokaryotes

no neighbors

growing season

determined by

date of the

last severe killing frost

first killing frost

of spring

of autumn

length

adequate for

sufficient photosynthesis,

growth/development

reproduction

tolerance range

vary greatly

A Horizon

B Horizon

C Horizon

uppermost

zone of leaching;

humus and clay

zone of deposition

parent rock/ rock fragment

litter and debris

no seasonal variation

plants cannot measure

12 hours long days

pheomena

landslide

snow avalanches

fires

produce significant/ radical change

ecosystem

quickly

affects directly

man-made disturbance Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 12.32.18 PM

hunting

habitat destruction

insecticides/herbicides

The Plant Itself Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 3.48.44 PM

an individual

modifies the habitat

is a part

Other Plant Species

mutualism

competition

beneficial

disadvantageous

competitive exclusion

result of competition

niche

Organisms Other Than Plants

Boundaries of the Geographic Range

Local Geographic Distribution Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 6.36.13 PM

Clumped Distribution

random distribution

limiting factor

important aspect of

plant's habitat

animal

fungi

prokaryotes

ecotypes

many relationship between

plants and animals #

pollination

seed dispersal

commensal relationship

one benifits

other is unaffected

Predation

one benifit

other harmed

example

herbivore grazing

pathogenic

interrelation betweem

plant and fungi

transplant experiment

applies to

all aspect of plant

any factor

water

extreme temperature

Soil factors often produce abrupt boundaries for the geographic ranges of
populations

no identifiable pattern

to the position

of individuals

no predictive value

Uniform Distribution

spacing between plants

either
small or large

results from

many factors

evenly spaced

from their neighbors

not extremely common

intraspecies competition

theoretically posible if

releases chemical

allelochemics

allelopathy

relative proportions of

young, middle-aged, and old individuals

difficult to apply in plants

possible population growth

factors

Generation time

intrinsic rate of natural increase

population increase

in terms of

generations

biotic pottential

many seed

no. of offspring

produced by

an individual

which lives to

reproduce

no germination

does not equal

the number of seeds
produced

carrying capacity (K)

no of individual

that can live

in a
particular ecosystem

birth rate

decreases

death rate

increases

r-Selection # Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 7.21.25 PM

population density low

the spread of

predators and pathogens

slow

r-selected species

small shrubby prennials

disturbed habitat

chnges to

crowded one

K-Selection

close to its

carrying capacity

K-selected species

Douglas firs

bristle cone pines

face intense competition

physical size and shape

of organism

and their distribution

in relation to

click to edit

a system of

life form

changes

ecosystem undergoes

with time constitute

many plants

daily rhythms

changes dramatically

with the seasons

spring

renewed activity

no. and diversity of

species

coexist in an

ecosystem

depends on

climate

soil

feeding levels

photosynthesis

dominant

Green vascular plants

important

primary producers

autotrophs

first step

energy and nutrient supply (food)

for herbivores

primary consumers

herbivores

secondary consumers

Decomposer

fungi, bacteria

break down the remains

of organism

Tertiary consumers

carnivores

energy flow

carbon flow

study of organism

Pyramid Screen Shot 2020-10-29 at 11.44.21 PM