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Sarah_Stalin - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ii. Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities: (1917-23) provided Stalin with the opportunity to exercise leadership at both the ideal and practical level. Had a major influence on his later leadership both in the policies he pursued and in the ways in which he exercised power.
        
        iii. The Russian Civil War
        
        Trotsky's role within the Civil War: (1918-1925) the leader of the Red Army in the post of Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Trotsky was a leading figure in the Red victory in the Russian Civil War.
        
        iv. Lenin's early death:
        
        Role of Lenin's testament: Helped Stalin gain public support and portray him as a leader just like Lenin.
        
        The Lenin Enrollment: Stalin started in 1924 and it showed his support for Lenin and how he would follow his footsteps. Foundations of Leninism is a 1924 collection by Joseph Stalin of nine lectures he delivered. It was published by the Soviet newspaper, Pravda.
        
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- - - - ii. Purges
        
        The early purges:Party members would hand in their party card and have their membership revoked. Held public show trials who were accused of damaging the USSR's industrial programme.
        
        The Great Terror: Removing potential (real and imagined) threats from society by imprisonment or death. These occurred throughout Stalin's leadership.
        
        Later purges: millions of Russians in the Communist Party- the army, the arts, and sciences and many other walks of life were arrested and were either sent to labor camps or shot
        
        iii. Establishment of Cult of Personality: Stalin dominated every aspect of Soviet life. He became not only the leader but the embodiment of the nation itself.
      - b. Nature, extent, and treatment of opposition: intellectuals, Political leader, or anyone who threaten or oppose him, Kulaks, Minorities, and Artists. From Stalin's point of view, there was an enormous opposition (He was paranoid). Art that challenged his ideas were destroyed, people were killed or put into the gulag, exile.
      - c. The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power.
        
        i. Socialism in One State v. Permanent Revolution
        PR: Trotsky: Communism in Russia would would not succeed, working class was too small and economy underdeveloped, needed the support of the working class in more industrialized countries. Stalin: Revolution wouldn't occur, Socialist State, Not confined to Marxist ideas.
        
        ii. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
        August 23, 1939, enemies Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Pact, in which the two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years. The Pact enabled Germany to attack Poland on September 1, 1939, without fear of Soviet intervention.
        
        iii. World War Two: effectively an ally of Nazi Germany in a relatively conventional European interstate war. Until 22 June 1941, when Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Union provided Nazi Germany with large quantities of strategic raw materials. Stalin proceeded to annex parts of Poland and Romania, as well as the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. He also launched an invasion of Finland.
- - - - Collectivization: shortages of grain supplies and outdated mode of production on small landholdings led Stalin to introduce the system of collectivization. Under collectivization, the land was taken away from peasants, Kulaks eliminated and large state-controlled farms established. Many peasants were deported or exiled.
        
        Five-Year Plans: (1928-1932) 1st- Areas like capital goods increased 158%, consumer goods increased by 87%, and total industrial output increased by 118%. The largest success of the first five-year plan, however, was the Soviet Union beginning its journey to become an economic and industrial superpower.
        2nd- (1933-37) continued the primary emphasis on heavy industry. Although industry failed to meet its production targets and agriculture actually lost ground in comparison with 1928 yields, Stalin declared that the First Five-Year Plan had successfully met its goals in four years.
        3rd- (1938-41) projected further rapid industrial growth. Produced poorer results because of a sudden shift of emphasis to armaments production in response to the worsening international climate.
    - - policies towards the arts:
        1934 - Soviet Union of Writers was formed, they were bound to set role models, and bound to subject to social realism.
        Music: it was the art form that most interested Stalin, who regarded himself as an expert in the field. Stalin claimed to be able to recognize socialist music and to know what type of song would inspire people.
        Painters and sculptors- duty to conform to socialist realism in their style and at the same time honor their great leader was captured in an article in a the art magazine describing a prize painting of Stalin.
      - social policies: Stalin called for an "atheist five year plan" from 1932–1937, in order to completely eliminate all religious expression in the USSR. Religious faith had no place in a communist society. Suppression of religion in urban areas but the destruction of rural churches led to revolts and resistance. Later for the war, religion was used for nationalism and patriotic purposes.
        Compulsory 10 year education for all children. Books were eradicated and photographs altered to erase memories of those who had opposed Stalin and his policies (i.e. Trotsky). Used children to make himself appear to be kind and well loved.