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🌲🗺️ Living World 🐬🐎 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Average temperatures remain at a fairly constant level in the upper 20s throughout the year 🌡️
      - Examples include Brazil 🇧🇷 and Malaysia 🇲🇾
      - As the name suggests, rainforests have consistently high rainfall with only a slight dip to the minimum monthly average in June (around 150mm) 🌧️
    - - Location
        
        Malaysia is a country located in south-east Asia. the land is split into 2 parts, separated by the south china sea. It owns part of Borneo and boarders Thailand.
      - Causes of deforestation in Malaysia
        
        Commercial framing is usually big industries such as palm oil. Massive areas of land are cut down and cleared to make way for palm oil plantations.
        
        Subsidence farming is small scale traditional farming. It is done by local people for local people and is much less damaging than commercial farming.
        
        Malaysia has the larges logging industry in the world. Clear felling is often used, which completely decimates the rainforest.
        
        Mining is another large industry in Malaysia as its soils contain lots of minerals. Roads have to be built and areas have to be cleared for mining to occur.
        
        Energy development such as dams are perfect for the fast flowing rivers found on rainforests. These cause large areas of forest to be flooded behind the dam.
        
        Roads are being built to access mining and forestry areas. These affect all the wildlife around the road for up to a mile away.
        
        Population growth has lead to Malaysia to clear areas of forest to make way for new settlements on the outskirts of cities and towns.
      - Impacts
        
        Local impacts
        
        Soil erosion is becoming a problem due to the removal of plants and vegetation.
        
        Large areas of rainforest have been cut down causing a loss in biodiversity.
        
        Improvements in infrastructure has led to developments in tourism and industrial output.
        
        Less trees has head to less transpiration from their leaves leading to a g]dryer climate.
        
        More Hydroelectric power has lead to cheaper electricity from rainforest rivers.
        
        Some waterways have been polluted leading to water shortages.
        
        Space for traditional living and subsidence farming has become more sparse due to less actual rainfores.
        
        Global wider impacts
        
        Deforestation is driven by profit. Short term gains leading to long term impacts.
        
        Fires from people illegally clearing patches of forest release lots of carbon dioxide into the environment, enhancing the greenhouse effect.
        
        Deforestation has a direct effect on global climates, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
        
        Medical plants could be lost could be lost in the extensive deforestation.
        
        The rainforest is used as a world tourist site and is protected as a world heritage site.
        
        Economic gains
        
        Minerals such as gold are very valuable
        
        Companies pay taxes to the government which can be used to improve public services.
        
        Improved infrastructure opens up a new area for industrial development and tourism
        
        Jobs are created in farming and construction.
        
        Products such s palm oil and rubber provide new materials for processing industries.
        
        Economic and environmental losses.
        
        Plants that could bring huge medical developments and high profits could become extinct.
        
        Rising temperatures could devastate some crop farming.
        
        Climate change could have have an economic costs as people have to adapt to warmer world.
        
        Fires can cause harmful pollution and destroy large areas of forest if uncontrolled.
        
        Pollution of water sources and an increasingly dry climate result in water shortages.
      - Sustainable management
        
        The Malaysian government have implemented the following policies to ensure that the tropical rainforest can be conserved and enjoyed by future generations.
        
        Local communities included and involved in forest in forest conservations projects
        
        Education to increase public awareness of the value of tropical rainforest.
        
        Use of alternative timber sources such as rubber trees was encouraged
        
        Sustainable selective logging mature and commercially viable trees over a 40-year-cycle to ensure that trees had time to re-establish themselves.This is known as Selective Management System.
        
        Permanent Forest Estates have been created government where no change of land use is allowed
        
        Creation of Biosphere Reserves and National Parks to protect biodiversity.
        
        Experiments with heli-logging (using helicopters) to target individual trees and reduce impact of logging.
        
        Ecotourism promoted and developed in tropical rainforest areas
    - - Water in the rainforest is recycled to a great degree.
      - Smaller trees and plants soak up water from the ground while larger ones rely more heavily on transpiration up in the canopy ▶️ As the day heats up, water is evaporated from the trees ▶️ it then accumulates in the atmosphere in the form of cloud ☁️ ▶️ Finally, the rain begins again and the majority of water is taken in by the canopy some some of it falls to the floor
    - - In the rainforest, there is a different nutrient cycle. Nutrients help trees grow very large and rapidly ▶️ The trees then she's their level which fall to the ground ▶️ These leaves begin to decompose, returning their nutrients to the ground ▶️ These nutrients then enter the soil but are quickly taken up by the trees and thus for ever sink far into the ground
    - - The emergent layer is the latest in which only the very biggest trees reach. Trees here have best access to sunlight and water
      - The Canopy is the to of most trees. Light here is still plentiful and water can be accessed through transpiration. This can be anywhere between 20-40m
      - The under canopy sure just before the main canopy and is where some trees and sailings reside. Light is not limited here so trees wait for a two in the canopy when they can grow through
      - The shrub layer sits closest to the forest floor. Water is plentiful however it is dark and gloomy
    - - Buttress Trees are a clever type of tree that loves in the rainforest. They know that the best, most fertile soil is on top of the ground. For this reason, they have adapted to grow their this in an outward direction rather than down. This creates huge sprawling roots
      - Fan Palms are another plant that has adapted to living in the rainforest. Some of their adaptations include huge leaves to help drain excess water. This is necessary as photosynthesis will be more effective on dried leaves. The attend are also able to move into the sunlight
      - Sloth Bears have actually evolved to be the slow speed we know them to be. This is because it is easier for predators to spot moving animals. They have also attached to increase the time they can hold in their excrement. This is because in order to excrete waste that must go back to the ground which is a show and dangerous process
      - Poison Dart Frogs have a wall know adaptation of being able to produce toxins through their skin. Their bright colours are used to warn potential predators of their danger. They also have a lesser known ability to have suckers on feet. The help to make their movement around trees easier
    - - Desertification can occur if the trees are all removed as they are essential to keep the water cycle going 🌳
      - Over half of the world's species inhabit the rainforest and so should be protected in order to preserve biodiversity
      - Trees at as carbon dioxide meaning when they grow, they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 🏭
      - Flooding🌊 would become a bigger problem as the trees soak up a lot of water and this would no longer be happening
      - There are still some indiginous communities living within the rainforest and these people would lose their home 🏠
      - Rainforest products are extremely useful in all aspects of our life from coffee☕ to medical drugs💊. Furthermore, there are many as yet unexplored species in the rainforest who's properties meet be extremely desirable in the future. By destroying then we may need destroying of hopes of a cure for current deadly disease
- - - - The climate graph of a cold environment would have below 0'C temperatures in winter and spring, also paired with low amounts of precipitation (around 10mm). In the summer months the temperature would rise above 0'C to around 10'C and fall again in autumn. As the temperature is only above 0,C for about 5 months it makes it hard for plant and animal life to survive. The precipitation also rises in the summer (around 50mm).
    - - A bearberry is found in a tundra and grows 5-15 cm above the ground. This means that it could survive strong winds. It also has bright red berries which makes them attractive and stand out to birds, which eat them and distribute their seeds.
    - - Seals have a streamline body to swim better. they also can swim for an hour at 600m of depth in one breath, allowing them to swim below large patches of sea ice.
      - Antarctic krill can survive for up to 200 years without food - because food can be hard to come by in deep cold Antarctic oceans. Their internal organs also glow in the dark so they can see each other in the dark.
      - Artic Hares have long sharp claws which allow them to dig for food. Furthermore, they can run at speeds of 40mph, so they can chase prey.
      - Emperor penguins usually huddle together to conserve heat. They also have streamline bodies which allow them to swim and catch fish.
      - Adelaide penguins have thick feathers to help keep the heat in. They also have winged flippers, which help them swim and hunt for prey.
      - Artic foxes the thickest fur out of all the animals. They also have the ability to change fur colour wo trap/release heat when needed.
      - Polar bears have small ears and snouts to decrease heat loss. They also can smell things under 3m of ice, in order to find prey below them.
- - - - Svalbard has a population of 3,000 people
      - The economy is based on mining, fishing, and tourism.
      - 60% of the land is glaciers and 10%is vegetated
      - Svalbard only has 1 university
      - It spends 6 months of the year in darkness
  - - - There is lots of coal is Svalbard and around 300 people still work in the coal mines there. Mining used to be a huge business for Svalbard by some mines have been closed and abandoned in the 20th century.
    - - The coal is used to power the cola power plant - which is Norway's only coal power plant, supplying the whole archipelago with electricity.
    - - The waters around Svalbard are the richest n the world. These fishing grounds are protected and only small fishing is allowed as they are important breeding grounds for fish.
    - - Around 100,00 tourists regularly visit Svalbard every year, providing many jobs for people. One of the major attractions if the northern lights.
  - - - Solution: They have heated water pipes on the surface
    - - Solution: They raise the roads to prevent freezing
    - - Solution: People are allowed to carry guns and use them if they have to.
    - - Solution: Work is but on halt in winter months and permafrost is kept frozen and used as a foundation.
    - - Solution: Snow buggies are the most common mode of transport
    - - Solution: Using triple glazed windows top reduce heat loss
- - - - Food webs provide a better visualisation of an ecosystem than a good chain. The levels you see here represent the different categories of components. Producers (🌱) to Quaternary Consumers (🐦)
      - Food webs will help show what will happen if any given level is removed from an ecosystem and can demonstrate the nock on effects of any change
      - Energy is lost at each level as each organism will use energy itself to perform the 7 essential life processes (MRS GREN)
    - - This is called the nutrient cycle:
      - Nutrients originate from the atmosphere and weathered rocks. They are brought into (and out of) an ecosystem by the water cycle 💧🚲
      - Anything biological can be broken down and the nutrients released. This can be dead leaves, dead fish or feaces
  - - - Changes can occur naturally which cause change to an ecosystem. Such a natural change could be: Climate Change, Foods, Disease and Droughts
      - Human influence can also be responsible for dramatic changes. This could be in the form of draining ponds, cutting down trees, removing hedges extensive agriculture and the introduction of invasive species
      - Humanity's contribution to climate change had also been changing ecosystems globally due to rising sea levels, warmer weather and higher acidity in the ocean
    - - In the new species is preditorial, it will decrease the population of its prey
        
        This will mean that the numbers of the prey's prey increase as there is less to eat it
      - If the new animal has to compete for food, numbers of is competitors will decrease
      - Anything that eats said new animal will increase in population as there is more food
- - - - There are opportunities for forestry and fishing that need to be preserved.
      - Indigenous people depend on the wildlife for hunting and fishing.
      - Tourists want to see natural landscapes and beauty.
      - Scientists do research here, to do with climate change, so it needs to be unspoilt.
      - There is lots of biodiversity that needs to be preserved.
  - - - Solution: The pipeline is raised and insulated to prevent the ground from melting
    - - Solution: The pipeline is supported so if an earthquake happens then the pipe can move. The flow of oil can also be turned off.
    - - Solution: Pumping stations keep the oil moving up mountains, and the pipeline passes under rivers.
    - - Solution: The pipeline is raised so animals can migrate unerneath.
  - - - How can the risks of a clod environment be managed?
        
        Using Technology in Alaska
        
        The Great Alaskan Pipeline was original on the ground, but due to modern developments and concerns it has been raised allowing animals to pass under it and
        
        International agreements
        
        In 1959 The Antarctic treaty was signed by countries that own Antarctica. The treaty recognises the importance of scientific research .
        
        Government policies
        
        The US government has been evolved in protecting Alaska since oil was discovered. There is an environmental policy which ensures that landscape and wildlife are protected.
        
        Conservation groups
        
        The world wildlife fund is a conservation that provides scientific information to help protect the cold environments.
      - Should cold environments be protected in wilderness areas?
        
        For
        
        Wilderness areas are fragile and can easily be damaged by humans
        
        Rare plants and animals live in these cold cold environments.
        
        Untouched natural environments are important for scientific research and outdoor labs.
        
        Against
        
        Cold environments are rich materials such as oil and coal.
        
        Technology allows these environments to be used without impacts.
        
        Over 4 million people already sustainably live in cold environments.