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B7, exam question : compare the nervous system and the hormonal system -…

- - - - sweat glands in the skin
      - the parts in the pancreas which release digestive enzymes and other substances into the gut
    - - endocrine glands produce hormones
        
        blood carries hormones around the body
        
        target cells in other parts of the body respod to the presence of a hormone by changing the way that they work
        
        A hormone is a chemical substance made in an endocrine gland that is carried around the body in the blood and changes how target cells work
        
        adrenalin is released during excersise or a shock may be cleared by the blood in a phew minutes while it takes a week for the blood concentration of thyroxine to reduce by half
        
        The adrenal glands secrete the hormone adrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight response
        
        adrenalin does this by binding to receptors on the heart to increase the rate and force of contraction. Heart rate and blood pressure go up. If heart rate increases then blood flow increases so muscle cells produce more glucose and oxygen for increased respiration
        
        adrenaline stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen to increase the level of blood glucose for respiration
    - - tetosterone - made in the testes
      - oestrogen and progesterone - made in the ovaries
      - thyroxine - made in the throid gland
      - adrenalin - made in the adrenal glands
      - insulin - made in the pancreas
      - growth hormone - made in the pituitary gland
      - the response of target cells depends on the concentration of hormone they recieve
  - - - some examples of metabolic process include
      - contraction of heart muscle
      - breathing
      - cell reactions that make or break down substances
      - cell division, growth and differentiation
      - keeping a constant internal body temperature
    - - this energy comes from respiration
    - - if a women has low levels of FSH and LH she can undergo clomiphene therapy, it is a drug which stimulates release of FSH and LH from the body
      - if she still cant get pregnant after fertility drugs, she can use IVF treatment
        
        IVF involves giving a mother several FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs, the eggs are then collected by from the mom and fertilised by a sperm in the father in the lab, these fertilised eggs develop into embryos, then inserted back into mother
        
        describe IVF process
        
        FSH and LH are given to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).
        
        issues
        
        It is emotionally and physically stressful with low success rates. Increases the risk of complications. May lead to premature or underweight babies and multiple births.
  - - - this is because thyroxine causes respiration which breaks down more food molecules and releases more energy than normal. The energy can be transferred to organs by heating or used in other processes
    - - this control involves two other hormones from two other endocrine glands : TRH from the hypothalamus, TSh from the pituitary gland. the control involves stimulation, inhibition.
    - - the form of control where a change in condition causes the opposite change to happen is caused negative feedback. This kind of control is important in keeping internal conditions constant.
      - hormones released by the pituitary gland
        
        LH
        
        targets the ovaries and stimulates the release of egg and progesterone production in the ovaries
        
        FSh
        
        Targets the ovaries and stimulates the egg ripening and oestrogen prduction
        
        Growth hormone
        
        Targets all cells in the body, stimulates growth and repair
- - - - the pancreas releases the hormone insulin which stimulates the movement of glucose from blood and into the cells, liver and muscle convert glucose into glycogen fro storage.
    - - The pancreas releases glucagon, liver and muscle cells convert glycogen into glucose.
  - - - type one diabetes
        
        A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.
        
        The lack of insulin causes uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.
        
        Is normally treated with insulin injections.
    - - Type two diabetes
        
        A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.
        Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
        
        normally treated by controlling the carbohydrate in the diet and by exercise.
- - - - fertility can be controlled using a variety of hormonal and non hormonal methods of contraception
        
        The pill - oral contraceptives which contain oestrogen to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs develop and mature
        
        the mini pill and injections contain progesterone. High levels stimulate the cervix to produce a thick mucus so no sperms can enter the uterus
        
        implant or skin patches of progesterone inhibit maturation and release of eggs for number of months
    - - barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms stop the sperm reaching the egg
        
        the coil prvents implantation of an embyro
        
        sterilisation - surgical methods of female and male fertilisation
- - - - not as effective, need to think ahead