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TOPIC 2 CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 2
CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
CELL
Nuclues
:star: Nuclear envelope
:star: Nuclear pores
:star: Nucleoplasm
:star: Nucleoli
:star: Nucleosome
Cytoplasm
Function:
Anchor proteins
Site of recognition
Acts as enzymes
Receptor
Carrier proteins
Channels
Plasma membrane
Function:
Physical barrier
Regulates exchange
Sensitive to environment
Support
Other organelles
:check: Golgi apparatus
:check: Centriole
:check: Ribosomes
:check: Mitochondrion
:check: Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth/Rough)
:check: Lysosomes
:check: Perixosomes
Classes of cell
Germ cell
biological cell that produce gametes of an organism
Somatic cell
cells of the body except egg cell and sperm cell
Transcription of DNA
Function
To synthesis mRNA
Definition
To copy or rewrite DNA
Site of transcription
Nucleus
Translation of mRNA
Definition
Formation of a linear chain of amino acid to polypeptide by using information from mRNA strand
Mechanism
Initiation
Elongation
3.Termination
Cell Transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
cell eating
Substance Involved
-bacteria
-viruses
-cellular debris
meaning
the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into the cell
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
Substance Involved
-extracellular fluid with dissolved molecules
Exocytosis
meaning
Intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release fluids or solid from the cell
substance involved: fluid and cellular wasted
Transport Across Membrane
Passive Transport
Definition
-no needs energy
-depends on concentration gradients
Types
Simple Diffusion
Meaning
movements of molecules from higher concentration region to lower concentration region
Substance involved
-gases
-small inorganic ions and molecules
-lipid soluble materials
Osmosis
Meaning
diffusion of water molecules from higher solute concentration to lower solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
Substance involved
-water only
Facilitated Diffusion
Meaning
movements of materials across a membrane by a carrier protein
Substance Involved
-simple sugar
-amino acids
Active Transport
Definition
-require energy
-against concentration gradient
Substance Involved
-sodium ions
-potassium ions
-calcium ions
-magnesium ions
Solutions
Isotonic
no osmotic flows occurs
red blood cells appear normal size and shape
Hypertonic
water moves out of the cell
red blood cells crenate
Hypotonic
the water flows into the cells
red blood cells ruptures and lyses
Cell life cycle
Factors of regulation
:pencil2: Level of M-phase promoting factor (MPF)
:pencil2: Growth factors
:pencil2: Repressor gene (TP53)
Mitotic rate and energy use
Longer life expentancy - slower mitotic rate
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase..
Meiosis
Abnormal cell growth
Type
Benign tumor (neoplasm)
Remain within its origin
Can be surgically removed
Malignant tumor
Spreading cell tumor
Can cause secondary tumor to other tissues and organs
Factors
:warning: Oncogenes
:warning: Mutagens
:warning: Carcinogens : radiation, chemicals, bacterias, viruses
Definition
When growth rate of cell > death rate of cell :arrow_right: tissues begins to enlarge
Protein synthesis,processing and packaging
1.gene DNA produce messenger RNA
2.mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome.
3.Protein constructed on free ribosome and release into cytosol
4.The proteins are modified. Regions of the ER then bud off,forming transport vesicles
5.The transport vesicles carry the proteins toward the Golgi apparatus
6.Multiple transport vesicles combine to form cisternae.Protein and glycoprotein modification and packaging occur
7.The maturing shipping side generates vesicles that carry modified proteins away from the Golgi apparatus.
8.Ecretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty their products outside the cell by exocytosis.