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Chap 2: The Social Self - Coggle Diagram

- - - - WHY?
        When we’re uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with similar others.
        
        WITH WHO?
        People who are similar to us in relevant ways (Goethals & Darley,1977; Wheeler et al., 1982)
        
        EFFECTS:
        
        Comparing UPWARDS reduces satisfaction
        
        When facing competition, we perceive the
        competitor as advantaged to protect our shaky selfconcept.
        
        Comparing DOWNWARDS, we feel better about our ‘selves’ and we might take pleasure in our peer’s failures
        
        When self-esteem is threatened, we tend to make comparisons
        with others who are worse off or our past selves (means of self-enhancement)
        
        gives an uplifting effect on their mood and outlook of the future
  - - - we perceive ourselves based on how we think others see us(our interpretation of other people's reaction to us)
        
        Apart from other people, we will have no concept of
        self whatsoever.
  - - - when ppl experience affluence & new economic opportunities, traditional collectivistic ways are challenged
    - - Contends that collectivism results in
        different ways of thinking
        
        Americans see choices as expressions
        of themselves.
    - - self in individualistic cultures
        
        self-esteem is more personal and less relational
        
        conflict takes place between individuals
      - self in collectivistic cultures
        
        -self-concept is not stable across situations
        -conflict takes place between groups
        -"what others think of me and my group"
    - - Misattribution
        
        studies of mood (Research: there was little perception on how well a factor predicted people’s mood)
        2.People deny the influence of media
        
        Studies have shown that people have misattributed rainyday gloom to life’s emptiness
        
        Men tend to misattribute women’s friendliness to mild sexual
        interest
      - Predicting our behaviour
        1 ) Mistakes in predicting own behaviour
        – Planning fallacy (The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task)
      - Predicting our feelings
        1) mispredict how they feel
        2) people have difficulty predicting intensity and duration of future emotions
        3)Impact bias: Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion causing events
        4) immune neglect: tendency to neglect speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system which enables emotional recovery and resilience aft bad things happen
      - The wisdom and illusions of self-analysis (Dual Attitude : automatic implicit attitudes regarding someone/thing often differ from our consciously controlled explicit attitudes)
  - - - Self-esteem threats – social rejection, thus, motivated to act
        with greater sensitivity to others’ expectations.
      - Terror Management theory : humans must find ways to manage the fear of death
        (proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality)
    - - Low self-esteem/ a negative self-image
        
        more depressed, pessimistic, prone to failure, vulnerable to clinical problems, anxiety
      - “Dark” side of inflated self-esteem
        
        Narcissism - Self-Esteem’s Conceited Sister
        relationship problems in the long run
      -  High self-esteem/ a positive self-image
        
        happy, healthy, productive, and successful.
        
        secure self-esteem  longterm health benefits
  - - - Benefits: more persistent, less anxious, less depressed
  - - - The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to
        oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
        
        EFFECTS:
        Contribute to marital discord, worker dissatisfaction, and
        bargaining impasses
      - • False consensus effect
        
        the tendency to overestimate that most people have the same opinion as you and our undesirable behaviours
      - False uniqueness effect
        
        the tendency to underestimate that people have the same opinion as you and one's desirable/successful behaviours(to appear unique/special)
    - - Unrealistic optimism : relative pessimism on other ppl's fate
        (E.g. ‘even though I know that most marriages end in divorce,
        mine will be blissful’)
      - Defensive pessimism: Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action
    - - Self-serving bias as maladaptive: - blame others, not acknowledging mistakes, conflict, disharmony, self-defeating behaviours
- - - - play down own ability and lower expectations and publicly predict their failure
      - insulates self from failure and enhances self in success, ease pressure to succeed, increase task enjoyment but increases chances of failing
  - - - False modesty: use tactics to put ourselves down and publicly credit and extol others but secretly credits oneself
      - Self-monitoring : tendency to act like how others expect us to be, adjust our behaviour and respond to social situations