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Basic Planning Process Tourism Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Data Analysis
        
        Goals and Objectives Setting
        
        Generations of Alternatives
        
        Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Alternatives
        
        Retailing and Refinement of preferred Strategies
        
        Plan Adoption
        
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- - - - Determination of Development Objectives
        
        Survey and Evaluations
        
        Analysis and Synthesis
        
        Policy and plan Formulations
        
        Plan Adoptions
        
        Recommendations
        
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- - - - a lot of emphasis was placed of the end state Master Plan which was assumed to be sufficient.
        
        it was found to be too rigid, not taking account on changing lifestyle, technology, etc
        
        Now, the general approach being applied
        
        Planning is continuous
        
        Must be flexible and yet still meet basic development objectives.
        
        Planning should be done incrementally with continuous monitoring and feedback on effects of previous development and evaluation of new trends.
      - all aspects of the area or development sector being planned must be understood and carefully integrated (the system approach).
        
        An important aspects of planning is to involve the community in the planning process and decision making because they should be given the opportunity to participate in the planning of its future development
        
        concern on the environment
    - - Continuous, incremental and flexible
        
        Systems approach
        
        Comprehensive approach
        
        Integrated approach
        
        Environmental & sustainable development approach
        
        Community approach
        
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    - - Boosterism- simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and of automatic benefit to the hosts
        
        Economic, industry-oriented approach- Tourism is seen as an industry which can be used as a tool by governments to achieve certain goals of economic growth and restructuring, employment generation, and regional development
        
        Physical/spatial approach- refers to ‘planning with a spatial, or geographical, component, in which the general objective is to provide for a spatial structure of activities (or of land use)
        
        Community oriented approach- an examination of the social impacts of tourism became to be regarded as essential not only from an ethical perspective of the need for community involvement in decision making processes
        
        Sustainable approach- a primary objective of providing lasting and secure livelihoods which minimize resources depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruption and social instability.
  - - - Based on Leiper’s model, at a geographical level, three (3)elements may be identified in the basic tourism system;1.Generating region – this is the source region of the tourist and the place where the journey begins & ends. 2.Transit region or route – this is the region which the tourist must travel through to reach his destination. 3.Destination region – this is the region which the tourist chooses to visit and where the most obvious consequences of the system occur.
      - Mill and Morrison’s Model (1985)- A more commercially oriented system – who argued that the system consist of four parts; 1. Market - highlights the decision of the individual to travel and or become a tourist. 2.Travel – describes & analyses the where, when and how of the individual tourist’s travel behavior. 3.Destination – consists of the study of the destination mix, i.e. –the attractions and services that are used by the tourist.4. Marketing – highlights the importance of marketing in encouraging people to travel.
      - Murphy, Hall and McArthur’s Model
        
        Alternative to the model developed by Mill & Morrison and Leiper are systems models which emphasize the supply and demand dimensions of tourism. Plus, Focus on the importance of the tourist experience. Often tourists from core generating markets are identified as the demand side. Also, the supply side includes all facilities, programs, attractions and land uses designed and managed for visitors. The supply side may be under the control of private, NGO’s and/or governments. Last, Demand is comprised of the motivations, perceptions, previous experiences and expectations of tourist.
        
        There are five basic travel motivations (Hall, 2009);
        Physiological, Cultural, Social, Spiritual and Fantasy
        
        The three (3) main components of the supply side:
        
        The major components that comprise the supply side are;
        
        Various mode of transportation & other tourism-related infrastructure.
        
        Tourist information.
        
        Marketing & promotion.
        
        The community or communities within the visitor destination area.
        
        The political & institutional frameworks for enabling tourism
        
        Resources
        
        Government
        
        The tourism industry
  - - - Hypothetical Evaluation of a Tourist Area
        
        Exploration is the earliest stage, characterized by very few tourist arrivals and very little impact associated with tourism. The natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel. For examples: The Arctic Ocean region, Latin America and Canada in the Antarctica are placed in this stage.
        
        Involvement is the second stage, where the local community responds to the opportunities created by tourism by offering specialized services: associated with a gradual increase in visitor numbers. The natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel.
        
        Development is the third stage, at which a huge perfect tour market has already been established, drawing great quantities of foreign investment. The number of tourists continues to soar. The transportation condition, local facilities etc. – the tremendous improvement. The advertisement promotes sales. The modern and large-scale facilities have already changed the image of the destination.
        
        The travel industry develops quickly and destination becomes partially dependent in foreign labor force and assistance facilities. This stage should prevent from abusing the facilities excessively, as a result the programming project of the nation or region seems to be as importance. For example, Parts of regions of Mexico
        
        Consolidation is the fourth stage, which is characterized by a decline in the growth rate of visitors and other tourism-related activity, although the actual amount of activity continues to increase. The local residents have the bad impression towards tourist arrivals. The facilities of the past declines for the second-class facilities - not the place that the people look forward to. For example: Most and parts of Caribbean and north region of Mediterranean belong to this stage.
        
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