Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Alternatives

Retailing and Refinement of preferred Strategies

Contemporary Planning Approaches & Techniques

a lot of emphasis was placed of the end state Master Plan which was assumed to be sufficient.

it was found to be too rigid, not taking account on changing lifestyle, technology, etc

Must be flexible and yet still meet basic development objectives.

all aspects of the area or development sector being planned must be understood and carefully integrated (the system approach).

An important aspects of planning is to involve the community in the planning process and decision making because they should be given the opportunity to participate in the planning of its future development

Environmental & sustainable development approach

Boosterism- simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and of automatic benefit to the hosts

Economic, industry-oriented approach- Tourism is seen as an industry which can be used as a tool by governments to achieve certain goals of economic growth and restructuring, employment generation, and regional development

Physical/spatial approach- refers to ‘planning with a spatial, or geographical, component, in which the general objective is to provide for a spatial structure of activities (or of land use)

Community oriented approach- an examination of the social impacts of tourism became to be regarded as essential not only from an ethical perspective of the need for community involvement in decision making processes

Tourism System- Tourism is viewed as a single system comprised of interrelated parts, which a combination of things of parts forming a complex role. As a system, it can be defined, analyzed, planned and managed in an integrated manner.

The elements of tourism are based on a few models developed in the tourism industry is Leiper’s Model, Mill and Morrison’s Model and Murphy, Hall and McArthur’s Model

Murphy, Hall and McArthur’s Model

• Alternative to the model developed by Mill & Morrison and Leiper are systems models which emphasize the supply and demand dimensions of tourism. Plus, Focus on the importance of the tourist experience. Often tourists from core generating markets are identified as the demand side. Also, the supply side includes all facilities, programs, attractions and land uses designed and managed for visitors. The supply side may be under the control of private, NGO’s and/or governments. Last, Demand is comprised of the motivations, perceptions, previous experiences and expectations of tourist.
  

There are five basic travel motivations (Hall, 2009);
Physiological, Cultural, Social, Spiritual and Fantasy

A destination as: “a country, state, region, city or town which is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit.” A destination is a product that must be marketed to its consumers like most products, destinations have a lifecycle.

Exploration is the earliest stage, characterized by very few tourist arrivals and very little impact associated with tourism. The natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel. For examples: The Arctic Ocean region, Latin America and Canada in the Antarctica are placed in this stage.

Involvement is the second stage, where the local community responds to the opportunities created by tourism by offering specialized services: associated with a gradual increase in visitor numbers. The natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel.

Development is the third stage, at which a huge perfect tour market has already been established, drawing great quantities of foreign investment. The number of tourists continues to soar. The transportation condition, local facilities etc. – the tremendous improvement. The advertisement promotes sales. The modern and large-scale facilities have already changed the image of the destination.

The travel industry develops quickly and destination becomes partially dependent in foreign labor force and assistance facilities. This stage should prevent from abusing the facilities excessively, as a result the programming project of the nation or region seems to be as importance. For example, Parts of regions of Mexico

Consolidation is the fourth stage, which is characterized by a decline in the growth rate of visitors and other tourism-related activity, although the actual amount of activity continues to increase. The local residents have the bad impression towards tourist arrivals. The facilities of the past declines for the second-class facilities - not the place that the people look forward to. For example: Most and parts of Caribbean and north region of Mediterranean belong to this stage.

Stagnation is the fifth stage wherein visitor numbers and tourism growth stagnate due to the deterioration of the product. At this stage, the tour environment capacity reaches or exceeds the limits; causes many economical, social and the environmental problems.
The problem of surplus capacity persists, prompting frequent price wars that lead to further product deterioration and bankruptcies, because of the high fixed costs involved in the sector. The destination is perceived to be “out of fashion”.

Decline is the six stage (option A) at which the decline will occur as a result of some combination of the following factors like repeat clients are no longer satisfied with the available product, while others are no longer able to recruit new visitors, no attempts are made by destination stakeholders to revitalize the local tourist product, or these attempts are unsuccessful, resident antagonism progress to the level of outright and widespread hostility and new competitors, and particularly intervening opportunities, emerge to divert and capture traditional market sources.