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Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts in plant cells
mesophyll
stomata
chloroplast
stroma
thylakoid
grana
chlorophyll
input: energy, 6 carbon dioxide, 12 water molecules
output: glucose, 6 water molecules, 6 carbon dioxide
light reactions: solar energy to chemical energy
takes place within thylakoid membranes
photophosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
input: water; output: oxygen, ATP, NADPH
photosystems capture solar energy
reaction-center complex
light-harvesting complex
2 photosystems connected by electron transport chain converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP & NADPH
global significance of photosynthesis
rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide may affect plants in various ways
photosynthesis provides food and oxygen for almost all living organisms
reduced fossil fuel use and deforestation may moderate climate change
greenhouse effect
Calvin cycle: reduces carbon dioxide to sugar
carbon fixation
reduction
release G3P
regenerate RuBP
other methods of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, dry climates
photorespiration
C3 plants
spatial separation
C4 plants
temporal separation
CAM plants
inorganic carbon to organic carbon
takes place in the stroma
input: water, ATP, NADPH; output: sugar, ADP, NADPH
Photosynthesis fuels biosphere
autotrophs
photoautrophs
heterotrophs
decomposers
Light reactions: solar energy to chemical energy
visible radiation absorbed by pigments drive light reactions
wavelength (the shorter, the more energy)
proton (energy equal to wavelength)
electromagnetic spectrum
Chapter 8
eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis
large complex chromosomes of eukaryotic duplicate with each cell division
chromosome
chromatin
chromatid
centromere
cell cycle includes growth and division
interphase
G1
S (DNA synthesis)
G2
mitotic phase
cell cycle control system
mitosis
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
animal cell- cleavage furrow
plant cell- cell plate
diploid daughters
cleavage
independent assortment
mitotic spindle able to grab centromeres
rate of cell division is affected by environment factors
nutrition
growth factor
PDGF
signals cell cycle control systems
density-dependent
anchorage-dependent
growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors
tumor
maliignant
benign
metastasis
bypasses signals
plant
alterations of chromosomes number and structure
accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number
nondisjunction
karyotype
extra copy of chromosome 21 causes down syndrome
trisomy 21
alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer
deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation
abnormal number of sex chromosomes don't usually affect survival
nondisjunction
meiosis and crossing over
chromosomes matched in homologous pairs
somatic cells
homologous chromosomes
locus
loci
gametes have single set of chromosomes
somatic
diploid
autosome
germ cells
gametes
haploid
zygote
fertilization
life cycle
meiosis reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid
interphase
G1, S, G2
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
prophase II
metaphase II
1 more item...
independent assortment
crossing over
recombinant chromosome
cell division and reproduction
cell division plays many important roles in lives of organisms
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
Chapter 9
Mendel's Laws
science of genetics began in Abbey Garden
heredity
genetics
true breeding
hybrids
genetic cross
P generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Mendel's 4 hypotheses and 2 laws
law of segregation
during production of gametes
segregation
punnett square
genotype
alleles
homozygous
heterozygous
carrier
dominant allele
recessive allele
loci
phenotype
law of independent assortment revealed by tracking 2 characteristics at once
monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross
cross
mutant
geneticists can use testcross to determine unknown genotypes
homozygous recessive
reflects laws of probability
rule of multiplication (AND)
rule of addition (OR)
genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees
many inherited traits in humans controlled by single gene
dominant
Huntington's disease
recessive
sickle-cell disease
sickle-cell disease
wild type
new technologies provide insight into one's genetic testing
amniocentesis
chorionic villus sampling
ultrasound imaging
variations on Mendel's laws
incomplete dominance
codominance
ABO blood group
pleiotropy
sickle-cell disease
polygenic inheritance
chromosomal basis of inheritance
chromosome theory of inheritance
linked genes
crossing over produces new combination of alleles
geneticist use crossover data to map genes
recombination frequencies
genetic map
linkage map
sex chromosomes and sex-linked genes
chromosomes determine sex in many species
autosomes
autosome
sex chromosomes
sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance
sex-linked gene
X-linked genes