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Chapter 10: Emotion & Motivation and Chapter 11: Personality, neurosis…

- - - - instinct - species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned
      - drive theory - deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs
        
        habit a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage
      - Yerkes-Dodson Law - a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower
      - self-efficacy - an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task
      - Maslow's hierarchy of needs
        
        self-actualization (inner fulfillment)
        
        esteem (self-worth, confidence)
        
        social (intimacy, belonging)
        
        security (safety, employment)
        
        physiological (food, water, shelter)
  - - - leptin - a satiety hormone
    - - set-point theory - asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change
    - - overweight - BMI between 25 & 29.9
      - obese - BMI of 30 or higher
      - morbid obesity - BMI over 40
      - Bariatric surgery - type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction, involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
    - - bullimia nervosa - engage in binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed
      - binge-eating disorder - eating binges are followed by distress
      - anorexia nervosa - the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
      - distorted body image - they view themselves as overweight even though they are not
  - - - homosexual - same-sexed individuals
      - heterosexual - opposite-sexed individuals
      - bisexual - both
    - - excitement - arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, and it is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal
      - plateau - women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid
      - orgasm - marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension. In men, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles
      - resolution - the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation
      - refractory period - period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm
    - - gender dysphoria - describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are
        
        transgender hormone therapy - makes their bodies look more like the opposite sex
  - - - James-Lange theory - emotions arise from physiological arousal
      - Cannon-Bard theory - physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
      - Schachter-Singer two-factor theory - emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive
      - cognitive-mediational theory - our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
      - polygraph - measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions
    - - basolateral complex - has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain
      - central nucleus - plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity
    - - cultural display rule - the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
      - facial feedback hypothesis - facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
      - body language - expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement
- - - - conscious
      - unconscious
        
        id - contains our most primitive drives or urges
        
        superego - acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave
        
        ego - the rational part of our personality
      - defense mechanisms
        
        denial - refusing to accept events because they are unpleasant
        
        displacement - transferring inappropriate urges to a more acceptable target
        
        projection - attributing unacceptable desires to others
        
        rationalization - justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for unacceptable reasons
        
        reaction formation - reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own
        
        regression - returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
        
        repression - suppressing painful memories & thoughts
        
        sublimation - redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
      - psychosexual stages of development
        
        oral
        
        anal
        
        phallic
        
        latency
        
        genital
    - - Alfred Adler
        
        individual psychology - focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
        
        inferiority complex - refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society
      - Erik Erikson - proposed the psychosocial stages of development
      - Carl Jung
        
        analytical psychology - focuses on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one’s personality.
        
        collective unconscious - a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us
        
        archetypes - ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams
        
        extroversion vs. introversion
      - Karen Horney - theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety
        
        suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met, such as childhood experiences of loneliness and/or isolation
    - - social-cognitive theory - emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality
        
        reciprocal determinism - cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
        
        self-efficacy - our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences
      - locus of control - refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
    - - self-concept - our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
        
        ideal self - the person that you would like to be
        
        real self - the person you actually are
    - - heritability - refers to the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics
    - - traits - characteristic ways of behaving
      - temperament - inborn, genetically based personality differences
      - Five Factor Model -
        
        openness to experience
        
        conscientiousness
        
        extroversion
        
        agreeableness
        
        neuroticism
    - - culture - refers to all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society
      - selective migration - the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
    - - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales
      - projective testing - this kind of test relies on one of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud—projection—as a way to assess unconscious processes
        
        Rorschach Inkblot test - a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist. What the test-taker sees reveals unconscious feelings and struggles.
        
        Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - the person is shown 8–12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals.
        
        Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) - The tests include 40 incomplete sentences that people are asked to complete as quickly as possible. It is presumed that responses will reveal desires, fears, and struggles.
        
        Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) - test contains 20 color images that show scenes of African-American lifestyles. Used to compare with the TAT.
        
        TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test - (themes)—uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture