intrinsic - arising from internal factors

extrinsic - arising from external factors

instinct - species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned

habit a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Yerkes-Dodson Law - a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

self-efficacy - an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task

set-point theory - asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change

Bariatric surgery - type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction, involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

bullimia nervosa - engage in binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed

binge-eating disorder - eating binges are followed by distress

anorexia nervosa - the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

distorted body image - they view themselves as overweight even though they are not

excitement - arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, and it is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal

plateau - women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid

orgasm - marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension. In men, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles

resolution - the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation

refractory period - period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

transgender hormone therapy - makes their bodies look more like the opposite sex

components of emotion - physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences

James-Lange theory - emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard theory - physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory - emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive

cognitive-mediational theory - our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

polygraph - measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions

basolateral complex - has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain

central nucleus - plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity

cultural display rule - the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

facial feedback hypothesis - facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

body language - expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement

superego - acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave

denial - refusing to accept events because they are unpleasant

displacement - transferring inappropriate urges to a more acceptable target

projection - attributing unacceptable desires to others

rationalization - justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for unacceptable reasons

reaction formation - reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own

regression - returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

repression - suppressing painful memories & thoughts

sublimation - redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

inferiority complex - refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society

Erik Erikson - proposed the psychosocial stages of development

archetypes - ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams

suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met, such as childhood experiences of loneliness and/or isolation

reciprocal determinism - cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously

self-efficacy - our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences

locus of control - refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives

heritability - refers to the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

temperament - inborn, genetically based personality differences

culture - refers to all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society

selective migration - the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales

Rorschach Inkblot test - a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist. What the test-taker sees reveals unconscious feelings and struggles.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - the person is shown 8–12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals.

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) - The tests include 40 incomplete sentences that people are asked to complete as quickly as possible. It is presumed that responses will reveal desires, fears, and struggles.

Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) - test contains 20 color images that show scenes of African-American lifestyles. Used to compare with the TAT.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test - (themes)—uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture