BioMolecules
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Has three forms which are monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
Carbs provide quick energy. Plants store carbs for energy (starch) and animals do as well (glycogen). The structures would be plants-cellulose, animal-exoskeletons, and fungi-cell walls
Monosaccharide: 3 most common types are glucose, fructose, and galactose
Each of these are isomers, which means that they have a single chemical formula but different overall structures
In a ratio of 1:2:3 (CH2O)
Disaccharide: these are formed from 2 monosaccharides in a condensed reaction
Most common types are sucrose (table sugar/ glucose+fructose), lactose (milk/ glucose+galactose), and maltose (rare in nature)
Polysaccharide: these are formed from 3 or more monosaccharides/ or two disaccharides
Two most common types would be starch (found in roots and seeds, formed by branches of glucose subunits/ stored by plants) and glycogen (stored in liver and molecules/ stored by animals).
Bonding glycoside linkage and covalent bonding is what attaches carbs to hydroxyl
Made from: DNA vs. RNA
Has monomers called nucleotides
Quick energy from hydrolysis of monosaccharides
Support found in the cell walls of plants (cellulose), fungi, bacteria, cornea of the eye and joint fluid.
Long term energy in plants (starch) and it strengthens external skeletons of insects, crabs-chitin
Other living things are made up plenty of carbohydrates - mucous, hormones, molecules in the plasma membrane and nucleic acids
DNA: also known as deoxyribonucleic acid and stores information for traits and cell activities (ex: cell division). Also found in chromosomes
RNA: also known as ribonucleic acid and stores information needed to manufacture proteins. Copies of DNA
Double stranded and antiparallel
Contains nitrogen and phosphorus, but never sulfur
The phosphate group of one nucleotide is covalently bound to the sugar of another
Hydrogen bonds hold the bases together
Single stranded
The sequence of nucleotides is different in every specie and it has a unique code to synthesize proteins (DNA)
Carries a genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm to that it can be read and so that the proteins can be synthesized (RNA)
Nucleotides are made up from 3 things: phosphate group, five carbon sugar, ring shaped nitrogen base
The order of nitrogen base determines traits by making a particular protein
Cyclic AMP: (adenosine monophosphate) intracellular messengers that carry chemical signs - messenger molecule
ATP: (adenosine triphosphate) transports energy within cells and is the product of cellular respiration
Also known as "energy currency" - slightly unstable covalent bonds are what hold the phosphate groups together (unstable cuz phosphate groups are negative)
Breaking these bonds releases energy, used in power reactions in living things
ATP consists of 3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
Made up from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Contains less oxygen than carbohydrates, but more carbon and hydrogen
Do not dissolve in water (insoluble)
Lipids are found in the cell membrane and they form a barrier between the aqueous environments outside and inside the cell.
High in energy, especially stored in carbon and hydrogen bonds
Monomers consist of: fatty acids and glycerol
The carboxyl group is polar (hydrophilic), which is also the "head". The "tail" of the hydrocarbon chain is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
3 main types: triglycerides (fats/oils), waxes, and steroids
Triglycerides: saturated fats - found in animals and solid at room temperature. Oils - liquid at room temperature and found in plants.
Waxes: made up fo long fatty acid chains/ long alcohol chains, which make them waterproof. Plants - form a protective coating on outer surfaces. Animals - form protective layers (ex: earwax)
Steroids: made up from four fused carbon rings (found in hormones and cholesterol)
Long chains of C and H with a carboxyl (-COOH) group at one end
3 fatty acid subunits and 1 glycerol
Oils, fats, and waxes
More than twice as many calories then carbs.
Most fats come from animals and are saturated with hydrogen (these fatty acid chains are straight)
most oils come from plant seeds and are unsaturated (double bonds and structure creates a zigzag shape or a trans configuration)
Animals don't have the enzymes to break down waxes
Phospholipids are similar to oils but have a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid chain. In the structure nonpolar tails face inwards and the heads point outwards making a "fat sandwhich"
Ester bonds are formed between a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules by dehydration synthesis (3 waters are removed). The glycerol loses a hydrogen from the hydroxyl group and the fatty acid loses an oxygen and hydrogen from its carboxyl group
Functions
Long term energy storage, main component of cell/plasma membrane, steroids act as hormones
Made up of amino acid chains
Peptides and Polypeptides
essential for growth and all chemical reactions because enzymes are proteins
Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides
20 different amino acids found in living things
Amino acids contain a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and amino group, and an R-group
One wrong amino acid can cause a protein to work improperly
type of protein formed is based off of the amino acids
a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids; a protein is made up of many polypeptides
amino acids bind when the amino group releases a hydrogen and the carboxyl group releases hydroxide, forming a peptide bond
peptide bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis
Amino Acid joining/bonding
disulfide bridges
formed between cystein - sulfurs bond with each other
Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
Secondary: formed by hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids
Tertiary: complex three dimensional structure. determined through R-groups bonding with other R-groups. Can have ionic, polar-covalent, nonpolar-covalent, and H bonding. Also may have disulfide bridges, when two cysteins bond together
Primary: sequence of amino acids joined through peptide bonds
Quaternary: individual polypeptide chains are linked together. Ex: hemoglobin
alpha helix structure
beta pleated sheet
DNA determines the structure and function of proteins
Can be denatured by: changes in temperature, salinity, and pH
Temp: during high temps, bonds break. During low temps bonds are in place with no flexibility
Salinity: fevers are dangerous because the enzymes are being denatured. Also, with a scrambled egg, once you scramble it you can not go bad to the regular egg
pH: example is in your stomach - enzymes prefer a pH of about 2, but the small intestine prefers a pH of about 10
Functions
- act as enzymes (speeds up chemical reactions)
- found in hair, nails, horns, muscles, organs
