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BioMolecules - Coggle Diagram
BioMolecules
Lipids
Made up from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Contains less oxygen than carbohydrates, but more carbon and hydrogen
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Lipids are found in the cell membrane and they form a barrier between the aqueous environments outside and inside the cell.
High in energy, especially stored in carbon and hydrogen bonds
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3 main types: triglycerides (fats/oils), waxes, and steroids
Triglycerides: saturated fats - found in animals and solid at room temperature. Oils - liquid at room temperature and found in plants.
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Waxes: made up fo long fatty acid chains/ long alcohol chains, which make them waterproof. Plants - form a protective coating on outer surfaces. Animals - form protective layers (ex: earwax)
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Oils, fats, and waxes
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most oils come from plant seeds and are unsaturated (double bonds and structure creates a zigzag shape or a trans configuration)
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Phospholipids are similar to oils but have a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid chain. In the structure nonpolar tails face inwards and the heads point outwards making a "fat sandwhich"
Ester bonds are formed between a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules by dehydration synthesis (3 waters are removed). The glycerol loses a hydrogen from the hydroxyl group and the fatty acid loses an oxygen and hydrogen from its carboxyl group
Functions
Long term energy storage, main component of cell/plasma membrane, steroids act as hormones
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Proteins
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Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
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Tertiary: complex three dimensional structure. determined through R-groups bonding with other R-groups. Can have ionic, polar-covalent, nonpolar-covalent, and H bonding. Also may have disulfide bridges, when two cysteins bond together
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Can be denatured by: changes in temperature, salinity, and pH
Temp: during high temps, bonds break. During low temps bonds are in place with no flexibility
Salinity: fevers are dangerous because the enzymes are being denatured. Also, with a scrambled egg, once you scramble it you can not go bad to the regular egg
pH: example is in your stomach - enzymes prefer a pH of about 2, but the small intestine prefers a pH of about 10
Functions
- act as enzymes (speeds up chemical reactions)
- found in hair, nails, horns, muscles, organs
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Carbohydrates
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Has three forms which are monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
Monosaccharide: 3 most common types are glucose, fructose, and galactose
Each of these are isomers, which means that they have a single chemical formula but different overall structures
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Carbs provide quick energy. Plants store carbs for energy (starch) and animals do as well (glycogen). The structures would be plants-cellulose, animal-exoskeletons, and fungi-cell walls
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Support found in the cell walls of plants (cellulose), fungi, bacteria, cornea of the eye and joint fluid.
Long term energy in plants (starch) and it strengthens external skeletons of insects, crabs-chitin
Other living things are made up plenty of carbohydrates - mucous, hormones, molecules in the plasma membrane and nucleic acids
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Nucleic Acids
Made from: DNA vs. RNA
DNA: also known as deoxyribonucleic acid and stores information for traits and cell activities (ex: cell division). Also found in chromosomes
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Contains nitrogen and phosphorus, but never sulfur
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RNA: also known as ribonucleic acid and stores information needed to manufacture proteins. Copies of DNA
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