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Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Soil Factors
little water-holding capacity
decay contributes humus
increasing the soil’s water-holding capacity
pioneers plants
nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
lichens contain cyanobacteria
some angiosperms have root nodules
Dead plant parts
substrates for soil organisms
formed by breakdown of rock
C horizon
mostly of parent rock
rock fragments.
A horizon
uppermost
washes nutrients from it downward
consists of litter and debris
zone of leaching
B horizon
zone of deposition.
materials from A horizon
accumulate
contains both humus and clay
Latitude and Altitude
At the equator
ldays are 12 hours long
no seasonal variation occurs
plants cannot measure
season by photoperiod
Arctic and Antarctic Circles
mid-summer days are 24 hours long
At higher latitudes
the sun is only rarely overhead
temperatures fluctuate
greatly
Soil formation is slow
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high altitudes
high winds and poor soil
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growing
season is short.
the year is cold
not fully shielded by ozone, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
Climate
critically important to all organisms
lowest winter temperature
temperature, rainfall, relative
humidity, and winds
highest summer temperature.
killing frost in the spring
first killing frost of autumn
Disturbance
fires, landslides, snow avalanches, and floods
alters species relationships
affect the biotic factors directly,
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radical change in an ecosystem
Biotic Components of the Habitat
Other Plant Species
mutualism,
beneficial interaction for both
organisms
competition
two populations do not grow as
well together
they use the same limited supply
competitive exclusion
excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
Organisms Other Than Plants
Commensal relationships
one species benefits
other is unaffected,
Predation
one species benefits
other is harmed
The Plant Itself
Habitat modification
detrimental
neutral
beneficial,
trees modify the habitat
producing a dense canopy
heavily shaded forest floor
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Local Geographic Distribution
three types
clumped
spacing between plants is either
small or large
result from many factors
uniform
not extremely common;
result from intraspecies competition.
occur in orchards and tree plantations
random
no obvious,to the position of individuals
no predictive value
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
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ability of a plant species
spread throughout a geographic area
limiting factor
one factor alone determines the health of
the plant.
Soil factors
produce abrupt boundaries for the geographic ranges of
populations.
Biotic factors
Age Distribution: Demography
manner in which a population responds to various factors
Two factors affect the possible rate
Generation time
the length of time from the birth
of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
affects the rapidity of
population growth:
intrinsic rate of natural increase.
number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough toreproduce under ideal conditions
r- and K-Selection
r-Selection
produced by disturbance
immigrants cartried by winds , animal or surviors
reproduce quickly and population growth
K-Selection
population close to its carrying capacity
phenotypes are very different from beneficial
condition in a crowded habitat
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species Composition
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coexist in ecosystem
stressful climate support and abundance of species
depends on climate
mild and rich climate supports and abundance of species
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
contains some
members, autotrophs
bring energy into the system.
Chemosynthetic bacteria bring chemical energy
autotrophs brings energy to ecosystem
Temporal Structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time constitute
Plants change dramatically with the season
Spring -time of renewed activity,
time span can be short
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape of the organism
eir distribution in relation to
each other and to the physical environment
combinations of life forms, vertical structures, and
characteristics
