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Populations and Ecosystems, definition, definition, definitions - Coggle…
Populations and Ecosystems
Vocabulary
Ecology
study of organisms in relationship to all aspects of their surroundings
Population
other individuals of the same species in a habitat
Community
all the populations together
Ecosystem
physical, nonliving environment
Habitat
set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycles
Operational Habitat
aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
Abiotic
components that are nonliving and physical phenomena
Ex. climate, soil, latitude, fires, floods, etc.
Biotic
components that are living factors
plant itself, other plants, species of animals, etc.
Tolerance Range
between high and low extremes for survival, growth, and reproduction
Pioneers
first plants that invade new soil
A horizon
uppermost soil layer and also called zone of leaching
consists of litter and debris
B horizon
next layer down also called zone of deposition
where materials from A accumulate, rich in nutrients and clay
C horizon
below B and composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
Mutualism
interaction that is beneficial for both organisms
Competition
interaction that is disadvantageous, the two populations do not grow well together
Competitive exclusion
which ever species is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
Niche
set of conditions exploited best by one species
Plants and their habitats
Abiotic Components
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Climate is a huge component especially to plants that have to go through intense heat or extreme colds
Plants have had to adapt to endure and survive through these climate conditions
Ex. cacti in desert heat
Soil Factors
young soils are variable in about of nutrients and resources they possess
soil that is rocky and hard make it more difficult for plants to get roots in the ground to start to get the nutrients they need
Latitude and Altitude
at the equator days are 12 hours long and there are no seasonal variations
Plants can't measure season by photoperiod
high altitudes result in more wind and poor soil making it that much harder for plants to survive
more water is present but is normally colder because of the elevation so it is ice and snow
Disturbance
Fires, floods, landslides, etc. all factor into radical changes to the ecosystem that could cause the plants not to survive
Biotic Components
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Plant itself
by being in its habitat it modifies it and changes it
Other plant species
possibility of interaction is created
Can be mutualistic
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can be competetion
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Organisms other than plants
animals, fungi, etc. affect a plants habitat
Can have beneficial affects or or detrimental affects same as other plant species
Structure of Population
Geographic Distribution
There are boundaries of the geographic range
this can include limiting factors
boundaries can be affected by this
also affects how rapid a plant grows in a particular area depending on such factors
the one factor that determines the health of the plant
Local geographic distribution
can be random distribution
where ever there is no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
clumped distribution
where ever spacing is either small or large between individuals, but rarely average
uniform distribution
all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbors
r-Selection and K-Selection
r-Selection
usually annuals or small shrubby perennials because the habitat gradually changes into crowded ones
this causes them to not be suitable for pioneer r species
K-Selection
longed-lived conifers such as redwoods, face intense competition and therefore they adapt to increase ability to use scarce resources
Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape and their distribution in relation to each other
Temporal Structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
Species Composition
the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful, soil is rich or poor, species' tolerance ranges from broad or narrow
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
each ecosystem contains members from each level such as autotrophs, which are the ones that bring energy into the ecosystem
plants fall into this trophic level
also called primary producers, they use photosynthesis to obtain this energy
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