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populations and ecosystems, Crosslink description: Tolerance ranges were…

- - - - in which
        
        organisms
        
        completes life cycle
    - - different organsims
        
        examples
        
        migratory animals
        
        several habitat components
        
        summer area
        
        migration routes
        
        winter area
        
        plants
        
        none are migratory
        
        but plant portions
        
        can be
        
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    - - unknown effects
        
        on plants
      - known effects
        
        on plants
    - - abiotic
      - biotic
  - - - pollinators
  - - - definitely affect plant
- - - - contributes
        
        many factors
        
        to abiotic environment
      - equator
        
        all days are
        
        12 hours long
      - non-equator latitudes
        
        e.g.
        
        north of equator
        
        south of equator
        
        day hours differ
        
        with seasons
        
        e.g.
        
        summer days longer
        
        winter days shorter
    - - soil
        
        formed by
        
        breakdown of rock
        
        new soil
        
        variable in
        
        amounts of
        
        macronutients
        
        micronutrients
        
        water holding capacity
        
        first plants
        
        to invade it
        
        are called
        
        pioneer plants
        
        3 more items...
        
        initially thin
        
        after many years
        
        thick soil
        
        3 horizons
        
        aka layers
        
        A horizon
        
        uppermost
        
        aka
        
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        consists of
        
        2 more items...
        
        B horizon
        
        aka
        
        1 more item...
        
        middle layer
        
        rich in
        
        1 more item...
        
        contains
        
        1 more item...
        
        C horizon
        
        lowest layer
        
        composed of
        
        2 more items...
    - - important to
        
        all organisms
      - restricts
        
        many species
        
        to one region
        
        each have
        
        different tolerance ranges
      - many components
        
        such as
        
        moisture
        
        occurs as
        
        rain
        
        snow
        
        hail
        
        can be damaging
        
        habitats range from
        
        extremely dry
        
        e.g. deserts
        
        very moist
        
        e.g.
        
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        important factors
        
        seasonal extremes
        
        timing of precipitation
        
        relative humidity
        
        winds
        
        temperature
        
        extremes
        
        are especially important
        
        examples
        
        lowest winter temperature
        
        highest summer temperature
        
        can determine
        
        growing season
        
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    - - are
        
        phenomenons
        
        examples
        
        fires
        
        some species
        
        naturally selected
        
        landslides
        
        snow avalanches
        
        floods
      - produce
        
        radical ecosystem change
      - directly affect
        
        biotic factors
      - little impact on
        
        abiotic factors
        
        longitude
        
        latitude
        
        climate
      - some
        
        man-made
        
        examples
        
        herbicides
        
        insecticides
        
        hunting
        
        habitat destruction
    - - higher regions
        
        similar to those
        
        at high latitude
        
        have
        
        high winds
        
        poor soil
        
        colder temps
        
        year round
        
        water present
        
        as snow
        
        as ice
        
        often results in
        
        physiological drought
        
        short growing season
        
        additional stress
        
        intense ultraviolet light
        
        not fully shielded
        
        by
        
        oxygen
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        ozone
        
        water vaper
- - - - modifies its habitat
        
        can be
        
        neutral
        
        detrimental
        
        beneficial
        
        e.g.
        
        beech/oak forests
        
        produce
        
        dense canopy
        
        heavily shade
        
        forest floor
        
        mainly seedlings of
        
        oaks and beeches
        
        1 more item...
        
        aids own
        
        successful reproduction
        
        pine forests
        
        produce
        
        some shade
        
        good for growth
        
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        pine seedlings
        
        need direct light
        
        need disturbances
        
        for open habitatsa
        
        may modify habitat
        
        adversely
        
        for own success
    - - interactions occur
        
        types
        
        mutualism
        
        beneficial for
        
        both organisms
        
        competition
        
        disadvantageous
        
        2 populations
        
        do not
        
        grow well together
        
        grow better
        
        separately
        
        use same
        
        limited supply
        
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        for
        
        water
        
        attention of
        
        pollinators
        
        seed dispersers
        
        soil nutrients
        
        light
        
        role
        
        theories
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        3 more items...
        
        species overlap
        
        2 more items...
        
        long term result
        
        species modification
        
        via
        
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        until competition
        
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      - ecotypes
        
        are
        
        races of species
        
        each adapted to
        
        particular environmental factors
        
        certain parts of
        
        the species range
        
        existence tested by
        
        transplant experiments
    - - examples
        
        animals
        
        plants
        
        prokaryotes
      - interrelations between
        
        others
        
        plants
        
        can be
        
        beneficial
        
        detrimental
        
        e.g.
        
        mutualism
        
        between plants and
        
        pollinators
        
        frugivores
        
        fruit eating animals
        
        if
        
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        certain ants
        
        commensal relationships
        
        one species affected
        
        one species unaffected
        
        e.g.
        
        birds building nests
        
        in trees
        
        one-sided negative relationships
        
        e.g.
        
        bird tramples
        
        small plants
        
        predation
        
        one species benefits
        
        e.g.
        
        herbivores
        
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        one species harmed
        
        pathogenic
        
        e.g.
        
        fungi
        
        bacteria
        
        can cause
        
        mild disease
        
        death
- - - - 3 types
        
        random distribution
        
        no
        
        obvious pattern
        
        to
        
        position of individuals
        
        predictive value
        
        clumped distribution
        
        spacing between individuals
        
        is
        
        small
        
        large
        
        rarely average
        
        can occur
        
        due to
        
        falling near plant
        
        animal depositing seeds
        
        together
        
        uniform distribution
        
        occur in
        
        orchards
        
        tree plantations
        
        all individuals
        
        evenly spaced
        
        from neighbors
        
        uncommon in
        
        natural populations
        
        if occur
        
        results from
        
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        zones established
        
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    - - limiting factor
        
        one factor alone
        
        determines plant health
        
        many possibilities
        
        e.g.
        
        light
        
        nitrogen
        
        CO2
        
        nutrients
        
        pathogens
        
        water
        
        temperature
        
        seasons
        
        biotic factors
        
        soils
        
        mineral composition
        
        soil texture
        
        may vary from
        
        area to area
  - - - middle-aged individuals
        
        moderately young
        
        vigorous
      - old individuals
        
        older and
        
        well established
        
        very old and senescent
      - young individuals
        
        always greater numbers
        
        than old
        
        highly susceptible
    - - affected by
        
        two factors
        
        generation time
        
        length of time
        
        from birth
        
        to first offspring
        
        affects
        
        rapidity of
        
        population growth
        
        biotic potential
        
        aka
        
        intrinsic rate of
        
        natural increase
        
        r
        
        in population equations
        
        if large
        
        2 more items...
        
        number of offspring
        
        produced by an
        
        individual that
        
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        does not equal
        
        number of
        
        seeds produced
        
        when plants grow
        
        limited by
        
        carrying capacity
        
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  - - - r conditions
        
        produced by
        
        disturbance
        
        unpredictable
        
        fire
        
        flood
        
        human involvement
        
        building cities
        
        farming
        
        damming rivers
        
        mining
        
        predictable
        
        killing temperatures
        
        in temperate winters
        
        lethal hot/dry conditions
        
        in desert summers
        
        population growth
        
        limited by
        
        r (biotic potential)
        
        involves
        
        low number of
        
        population individuals
        
        plentiful
        
        resources
        
        slower spread of
        
        pathogens
      - mutations that
        
        increase r
        
        are selectively advantageous
        
        examples
        
        produce
        
        many small seeds
        
        flower quickly
        
        have fewer
        
        defensive
        
        compounds
        
        structures
        
        plants grow quickly
        
        seeds adapted for
        
        widespread dispersal
      - r-selected species
        
        typically
        
        annuals
        
        small shrubby perennials
        
        ideally suited for
        
        predictable disturbances
        
        become disadvantaged
        
        as more species
        
        re-establish themselves
    - - K conditions
        
        involves
        
        scarce
        
        resources
        
        high number of
        
        population individuals
        
        crowding
      - advantageous to
        
        live for
        
        a long time
        
        have
        
        antipredator defenses
        
        increased ability to
        
        use scarce resources
        
        e.g.
        
        use
        
        low amounts of
        
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        poor nutrient
        
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      - K-selected species
        
        examples
        
        long-lived conifers
        
        Douglas firs
        
        bristle-cone pines
        
        redwoods
        
        face
        
        intense competition
- - - - the ecosystem changes
        
        with time
        
        various time spans
        
        e.g.
        
        1 day
        
        season
        
        decades
        
        for plants
        
        often seasonal
        
        e.g.
        
        spring
        
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        summer
        
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        autumn
        
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  - - - species
        
        number and diversity
        
        coexisting in ecosystem
    - - climate
        
        stressful
        
        mild
      - soil
        
        poor
        
        rich
      - species' tolerance ranges #
        
        broad
        
        narrow
  - - - size and shape
        
        of organisms
      - distribution of organisms
        
        in relation to
        
        other organisms
        
        physical environment
    - - trees
      - shrubs
      - herbs
    - - life forms
        
        defined by
        
        C. Raunkiaer
        
        in 1934
        
        criterion for classification
        
        means of
        
        plant survival
        
        in stressful seasons
        
        5 classes
        
        chamaephytes
        
        buds
        
        located
        
        above ground
        
        low enough
        
        1 more item...
        
        small shrubs
        
        hemicryptophytes
        
        buds
        
        located at
        
        soil surface
        
        protected by
        
        leaf bases
        
        stem bases
        
        many
        
        grasses
        
        rosette plants
        
        geophytes
        
        buds underground on
        
        bulbs
        
        corms
        
        rhizomes
        
        phanerophytes
        
        buds
        
        located
        
        high
        
        on shoots
        
        1 more item...
        
        examples
        
        trees
        
        large shrubs
        
        therophytes
        
        annual life span
        
        survive stress
        
        as seeds
  - - - bring energy
        
        into system
        
        especially via
        
        photosynthesis
      - examples
        
        green vascular plants
        
        algae
        
        cyanobacteria
      - aka
        
        primary producers
    - - includes
        
        carnivores
        
        omnivores
    - - includes
        
        fungi
        
        bacteria
      - are
        
        ubiquitous
        
        microscopic
    - - includes
        
        herbivores
        
        omnivores
      - sometimes aka
        
        secondary producers
    - - carbon flow
      - energy flow
- - - - all species individuals
        
        that
        
        live in
        
        one area
        
        at same time
        
        can interact
        
        with each other
      - close distance between
        
        can be
        
        positive
        
        for sexual reproduction
        
        for sustaining pollinators
        
        negative
        
        for disease spread
        
        natural catastrophes
        
        e.g. fires
      - rarely stable
    - - is
        
        the coexisitence
        
        of a population
        
        with other populations
      - example
        
        plant coexistence with
        
        animal populations
        
        fungi populations
        
        protist populations
        
        other plant populations
        
        prokaryote populations
    - - is
        
        constituted by
        
        2 things together
        
        community
        
        physical, nonliving environment
      - considers
        
        greater complexity
    - - study of
        
        organisms
        
        in relation to
        
        surroundings