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The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics …

- - - - Tend to be cooperative,
        helpful, and interpersonally successful.
      - Hypothesis 4 : The interpersonal focus of agreeable people and their use of Facebook for communication may inspire more frequent updates about their social activities and significant relationship.
    - - Positively associated with frequency of social media use, and with using Facebook for finding and disseminating information, but not for socializing.
      - Hypothesis 3 : Openness would be postively associated with updating about intellectual topics, and that this association would be mediated by the use of Facebook for sharing information.
      - Tend to be creative, intellectual, and curious.
    - - Characterized by anxiety and sensitivity to
        threat
      - Neurotic individuals may use Facebook to seek the attention and social support that may be missing from their lives offline
        (Ross et al., 2009).
      - Hypothesis 2 : Neuroticism would be positively associated with updating about close relationship and that the selection of these topics would be motivated by
        their use of Facebook for validation and self-expression
      - positively associated with frequency of social media use, the use of Facebook for social purposes & engaging in emotional disclosure on Facebook
    - - Hypothesis 1 : Extraversion would be positively associated with updating about social activities, and that this association would be mediated by extraverts' use of Facebook for communication.
      - People who are extraverted are gregarious, talkative, and cheerful.
      - Preference for features of Facebook that allow for active social contribution
      - They tend to use Facebook as a tool to communicate and socialize
      - More frequent use of Facebook, greater number of Facebook friends
      - People who are extraverted are gregarious, talkative, and cheerful.
    - - Tend to use Facebook less frequently
        than people who are lower in conscientiousness
      - Hypothesis 5 : Conscientiousness would be positively associated with updating about inoffensive, "safe" topics, which would be mediated by the lower tendency of using Facebook for validation.
      - People who are organized, responsible, and hard-working.
- - - - Big Five personality traits
        
        35-item Berkeley Personality Profile
        
        Measures extroversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness with 7 items each
      - Self- esteem
        
        10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965)
        measures self-esteem with items
        
        Measures self- esteem with items such as ' I feel that I have a number of good qualities " (1= Strong disagree, 5= Strongly agree)
      - Narcissism
        
        13-item version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
      - Facebook use
        
        Participants reported their number of Facebook friends, how
        many days of the week they check Facebook (0–7 days)
        
        How much time they spend actively using it on days they check it
        
        How frequently they update their Facebook status
      - Topics of status updates
        
        Indicated how frequently they write about 20
        topics in their Facebook status updates
        
        Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging
        from 1 (Never) to 5 (Very often)
      - Motives for using Facebook
        
        Measured four motives for using Facebook by adapting
        items from a variety of sources
        
        Participants indicated their agreement with these statements using 1-7 Likert Scale anchored with Strong disagree (1) and Strongly agree （7)
      - Likes and comment
        
        Indicated how many likes and comments, on average, they tend to receive when they post a typical Facebook status
        update.
- - - - Updating about social activities and everyday life was positively associated with the number of likes and comments received (b = .13, p = .05) , as was achievements ( (b = .16,
        p = .01),whereas updating about intellectual topics was negatively
        associated (b = .13, p = .04).
      - Two additional regression models added the frequency of updating about one's romantic partner or one's children as predictors for participants who had a relationship partner or children.
      - There was no support for Hypothesis 8 : narcissism rather than self-esteem was associated with receiving a
        greater number of likes and comments to one’s updates.
      - Bootstrap mediation revealed that the tendency for narcissists to report receiving more likes and comments was mediated by their higher frequency of updating about their achievement.
    - - It was based on participants’ self-reported Facebook behavior.
      - Narcissists may not accurately report the number of likes and comments they receive to updates.
      - Future directions
        
        By coding participants’ actual status updates for topic themes and recording the
        number of likes and comments received to each topic
        
        To obtain direct evaluations of particular status update topics and of the likeability of people who
        update about these topics.
    - - Table reveals report for Hypothesis 1 extraversion was positively associated with updating more frequently about social
        activities and everyday life, and with using Facebook to communicate.
        
        A further regression analysis showed that the use of Facebook to communicate predicted the frequency of updating about social activities and everyday life over and above the control variables and others personality traits (b=o.25, p<0.0001)
      - Hypothesis 2 was only partially supported
        
        Neuroticism was not associated with updating about any of the six topics/ with using Facebook for self-expression, but it was associated with using Facebook for validation.
        
        Neurotic individuals may use
        Facebook to seek the attention and support that they lack offline
      - Hypothesis 3 Openness was positively associated with updating about intellectual topics, and with using
        Facebook for information
        
        :check: Bootstrap test- positive association of openness with updating about intellectual topic (b = .03, p < .01 (CI: .007–.05)
        :check:. People high in openness, then, may write updates about current events, research, or
        their political views for the purpose of sharing impersonal information rather than for socializing
        
        Further regression analysis showed that the use of Facebook for informartion& slef -expression predicted the frequency of updating about intellectual topics over and above the control variable and traits (b = .34, p < .0001 and
        b = .22, p < .001, respectively)
      - No support for Hypothesis 4 - Agreeableness was not associated with updating more frequently about social activities, significant relationships or with using Facebook to communicate.
      - Hypothesis 5, conscientiousness was not associated
        with updating about ‘‘safe’’ topics such as social activities and everyday life : rather it was associated with writing more frequent updates about one's children.
        
        Conscientiousness was
        :red_cross: negatively associated with using Facebook for validation
        
        :check: positively associated with using Facebook to share information and to communicate.
        
        The latter use predicted the frequency of updating about one's children over and above e the control variables and personality traits (b = .38, p = .01), but it did not significantly mediate the association of conscientiousness with
        updating about children.
      - Hypothesis 6, people who were lower in selfesteem more frequently updated about their current romantic
        partner, but they were more likely to use Facebook for self-expression rather than for validation
        
        The frequency of updating about one's romantic partner was predicted not by the use of Facebook for self-expression but rather by communication (b = .24, p = .01) suggests that people with low self-esteem may
        have other motives for posting updates about their romantic partner.
      - Hypothesis 7, narcissism was positively associated with updating about achievements and with using Facebook for validation.
        
        The use of Facebook for validation and for communication predicted the frequency of updating about achievements over and above the control variables and traits
        (b = .14, p = .02 and b = .13, p = .04）, respectively
        
        The association of narcissisms with updating about achievements was significantly mediated by use of Facebook for validation ( (b = .04, p = .05 (CI:
        .006–.07)), consistent with narcissist's tendency to boast in order to gain attention.