C1 knowledge organiser

States of matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

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Strong forces of attraction

Particles don’t move

Particles vibrate

Weaker force of attraction than solids


Particles are moving randomly but near each other

No force of attraction


Particles move randomly

Changes of state

Solid-Liquid: Particles gain more energy and vibrate more, At melting point the particles break free.

Liquid-Gas: Particles gain even more energy. At boiling point the particles break free.

Solid-Gas: Sublimation. Solid changes straight to a gas

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Endothermic

Exothermic

A exothermic reaction GIVES OUT energy to the surroundings. Resulting in a rise of the temperature of the surroundings

A endothermic reaction TAKES IN energy from the surrounding. Resulting in a fall in the temperature of the surroundings.

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Evolution of the atmosphere

Phase 1) Volcanoes gave out gases

Phase 2) Oceans and plants started absorbing carbon dioxide

Phase 3) Plants and algae started producing oxygen via photosynthesis

Evidence for this would be that only some rock formations with iron form only when there’s little oxygen.

Combustion

Complete

Complete Combustion: Hydrocarbons burn in plentiful amounts of oxygen. Carbon Dioxide and Water are formed.

Incomplete

ncomplete Combustion: Hydrocarbons burn in limited amounts of oxygen. Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Particulates and Water are formed

Climate change

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Greenhouse gases such as CO2, H20 and Methane create an insulating layer. By burning more fossil fuels increases the concentration of CO2

Plum pudding model

THe plum pudding model was not hollow