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Stem Cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In vitro: can observe the effect on progeny cell differentiation
      - In vivo: can look at effect on development or in the adult
  - - - biological evaluation is not ideal with reliance on simplistic 2D cell lines and assays, and expensive animal models
  - - - hit to lead & lead optimisation are more suitable as they will show efficacy in human models and result in less failure clinical trials
  - - - organoids are not ideal for drug discovery as they are hugely complex and variable; need a reproducible and easy model instead (e.g. an enzymatic reporter for targets of dopaminergic differentiation) - but may be useful for personalised medicine/drug screening
- - - - Scaffolds mimic ECM (can be naturally occuring or synthetic)
- - - - Risks are often not considered by consumers
- - - - biocompatibility (but not a universal property)
      - mechanical properties for target tissue and implantation site
      - biodegradability profile (time, strength and by-products)
      - suitable in vivo responses (e.g. inflammation, foreign body reaction)
      - ability to be fabricated into desired structures
      - cost-effective, available, regulatory approval
      - ability to be sterilised safely
      - adequate stability and shelf-life
      - promote desired cellular responses (e.g. proliferation, differentiation, gene expression)
  - - - foreign body reaction, acid release, toxicity, supply, sterilisation, cost and reproducibility
      - lack of knowledge of design criteria
      - lack of predictability of in vivo performance and host responses