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Social Development, Friendships, images (1), image, images (3),…

- - - - In sociology, homosociality means same-sex relationships that are not of a romantic or sexual nature, such as friendship, mentorship, or others.
      - The opposite of homosocial is heterosocial, preferring non-sexual relations with the opposite sex. In group relations involving more than two individuals, the relation can be either homosocial, bi-social or heterosocial.
      - Homosocial relationships are not obliged to be sexual relationships; they are merely same-sex social interactions.
  - - - Personalised, responsive, interative experiences will help child to develop their brain.
      - Parents' behavior will greatly impact child's reactions, if child get positive influence by their parents, they will become more confident, and helpful, optimistic.
  - - - Social anxiety disorder can suffer from severe emotional distress in the following situations
        
        Being introduced to other people
        
        Being teased or criticized
        
        Being the center of attention
        
        Being watched while doing something
        
        Meeting people in authority
        
        Most social encounters, especially with strangers
        
        Walking around the room, I had to say something
        
        Interpersonal relationships, whether friendships or romantic
      - how to deal with social anxiety
        
        Try to learn more about your anxiety
        
        Try relaxation techniques, such as breathing exercises, to reduce stress
        
        Break challenging situations down into smaller parts and try to make each part feel easier
        
        Try to focus on what people are saying instead of just assuming the worst
- - - - Definition:
        Any repetitive action that the child finds enjoyable is considered functional play.
      - Benefits to children
        
        Promotes skills such as identifying and classifying objects
        
        Builds hand-eye coordination
        
        Introduces the concept of cause and effect
    - - Definition:
        Dramatic play, also called pretend play, involves acting out real-world situations and taking on the roles of different characters.
      - Important to child development
        
        teaches self-regulation
        
        gives children an emotional outlet
        
        teaches conflict resolution
        
        supports literacy
        
        allows parents to support kids and encourage their ideas
    - - Definition: Children manipulate their environment to create things.
      - Advantage to early childhood
        
        Improves the problem-solving skills
        
        Helps a child explore symmetry, sizes, shapes and other aspects of the objects
        
        Helps a child understand the concepts of cause and effect, balance, and gravity
        
        Builds up his self-esteem as the child is in control of his surroundings and his own environment
        
        Learns to play together with his friends and assimilate the concept of coordination
        
        Ignites a child’s curiosity and triggers his interest
        
        Opens up a world of imagination for a child
        
        Helps a child understand the world around him by exploring his options and by representing one object with another
        
        Shapes up a child’s physical skills, which include both gross motor and fine motor skills
        
        Learns about planning and implementation
  - - - Birth to about three months
      - Making random movements with no clear purpose
      - Positives
        
        Develop self confidence
        
        Learn about their environment
    - - 0-2 year old
      - Playing alone
      - Positives
        
        Be fully engaged in an activity therefore they experience of ‘flow’
        
        Able to explore, create, and learn how things work
        
        Learn and practice physical and mental skills
        
        Able to make their own rules for play
        
        Give the opportunity to have the freedom to use their imagination
        
        Not have to meet anyone else’s expectations
    - - 2 -2½ years
      - Spending most of their time observing, watching other children play
      - Positives
        
        Help them build confidence
        
        Practice interacting
        
        Learn how to cooperate with other children
        
        Acquire self-knowledge
        
        Manipulate their cognitive experience of the behaviors of others
        
        Gain information which will later be used within the context of their physical, verbal, emotional, and social behaviours
    - - Children are near each other but not playing with each other
      - Positives
        
        Start to show some reasoning skills, may still learn by trial and error
        
        Copy adults and other children
        
        More complex cooperative activities
        
        Begin to use symbols in their play such as a stick becoming a sword
      - 2½- 3 year old
    - - 3-4 years
      - Each child engaging in an separate activity but with the assistance and cooperation of others
      - Positives
        
        Promotes cooperation
        
        Improves socialization through working/playing with others
        
        Problem solving
        
        Facilitates the further development of language
        
        Show more reasoning skills
    - - The child plays as part of a larger group that has a collective goal such as making an art project or putting on a skit
      - Positives
        
        Communicate with each other
        
        Share ideas and tell each other what to do
        
        Communication about play is the critical skill
      - around 4 or 5 years old
- - - - Birth order refers to the order a child is born in their family; first-born and second-born are examples.
- - - - In psychodynamic theory, the structural theory of ego, id and superego is proposed.
      - Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis, a method through which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the free associations, dreams and fantasies of the patient.
    - - The id is thought in the form of the unconscious, representing the original process of thought. Only the id is a born personality. It is the most primitive, belongs to satisfy the instinctive impulse desire, such as hunger, anger, sexual desire and so on.
      - The superego is the regulator of the personality structure, governed by moral principles, and wanting perfection is the moral part of the personality structure.