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CHAPTER 2: NETWORK ACCESS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image…
CHAPTER 2: NETWORK ACCESS
(2.1.1) Identify device connectivity options.
Connectivity Device
Switches
connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces, or segments.
-Traditional switches> operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
-Modern switches> can operate at Layer 3 or even Layer 4
Router
a multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network.
can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols and Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model
Hub
hubs were replaced by routers and switches.
a repeater with more than one output port.
accepts signals from a transmitting node and repeats those signals to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NICs are designed for use with either wired or wireless networks.
On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or peripheral bus
Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send and receive signals wirelessly.
a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network
Repeater
operate in the Physical layer of the OSI model-no means to interpret the data they retransmit. :
One input and output port - receiving and repeating a single data stream.
allows to extend a network inexpensively.
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network
Mobility.
differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.
Bridges
connect two network segments by analysing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address.
operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
Modem
Stand for Modulation and Demodulation.
Convert either digital signal to analog signal (modulation) and analog signal to digital signal (demodulation)
Internet Standards
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN
Internet Society (ISOC)
promotes open development and evolution of Internet use globally.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
develops, updates, and maintains Internet and TCP/IP technologies.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
management and development of Internet standards
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
focused on long-term research related to Internet and TCP/IP protocols.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names.
Electronics and Communications Standard Organizations
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including networking.
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and network racks.
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
standards for radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, and satellite communications
International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications.
(2.1.2) Basic Principle Of The Physical Layer Standard
Open Standards
encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation.
Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations established to develop and promote the concept of open standards.
