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Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two…
Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states.
HITLER
Mein Kampf (Beer Hall Putsch)/peasantry emphasis
Beer Hall Putsch in Bavaria, Munich
Strong nationalist feelings flourished in Munich ever since the ToV
Since germans were reluctant to pay, be+ France invaded the Ruhr. --> what followed was passive resistance, but since US would help with loans - this led to passive resistance stopped.
Hitler was furious, in combination with the harsh treaty of versailles and the stab in the back myth - He decided to interrupt a meeting by Bavarian leaders held at the beer hall putsch.
whilst interrupting a speech stated that national revolution was to begin.
day after, influenced by march on Rome - he marched in Munich - but he got arrested - due to juridicial right wing sympathisers only served few months where he wrote Mein kampf
role in Putsch glorified
ToV resentment from both states
For hitler, the enemies of the weimar republic were united on the contempt of the harsh ToV, which in many ways had isolated and humiliated Germany
this caused political upheaval where in populaist and right wing partys appealed the the masses
Hindernburg's stab in the back slogan proved effective - even the moderates started to look into fascist propaganda
in the breakdown of weimar republic, the nazi's rallied and used it to their advantage at a time where upheaval was at its pinnacle
Political Factors
however it could be argued that it was the deliberate and skilful manipulation of political factors which enabled the leaders to emerge
The beer hall putsch was not intended to fail, despite it's inaccurate planing
it was a genuine political revolution planing for hitler
Hitler flew across the country visiting villages and towns and meeting people
Most of the campaign money was spent on this
Cult of personality was developed - portrayed as a strong, saviour of Germany
Newspapers, TV advertisements, entertainment business (films, poetry, theatre) all containing messages of Hitler's strength
Denounced the Weimar Republic for "backstabbing Germany"
Students in schools pledged allegiance to Hitler, Nazi teachers in schools to indoctrinate children (boys as soldiers, women as bearers of children)
Propaganda = was used to convert German people to the Nazi way of thinking
CASTRO
Radio Rebelde 1958
Transmitted from Sierra Maestra
Personal Nature
Middle and Upper Class
Exaggerated
Depiction of Batista
Students that Batista killed were pictured
shown as a tyrant/ muderer
Underground organisations
Newspaper nationalised in 1969
Loudspeakers in government
Dissillusionment in army
Castro Personality
Good Public speaker
3 public statments every 10 days
Understood the Cubans
charasmatic
good leader
Interview with Herbert Matthews
Matthews said "The personality of the man in overpowering. It is easy to see that his men adore him and also why he has caught the imagination of the youth of Cuba all over the island. Here was a dedicated fanatic, a man of ideals, of courage and of remarkable qualities of leadership"
Helped to create an image of Castro as a valiant romantic leader, with the worldwide circulation it made Castro appear as the only legitimate opposition to Batista and made the M-26-7 appear more powerful than it was
THESIS
Propaganda was a vital aspect of the emergence of Hitler and Castro as authoritarian leaders. They used propaganda in a similar way in order to win over the minds of the people of their respective nations. This was an important part of their emergence as without the popularity from the people they wouldn't have been able to successfully rise to their position as the head of their country.
Similarities
Both used propaganda to win over the people
Used radio, newspapers, film, art and music as propaganda
Both created a Cult of personality
Denounced their opposition to make them seem less than themselves
Reached out to the people through visiting different areas/ giving speeches
Differences
Very specific examples of Castro's interviews (Herbert Matthews)
Hitler made a greater use of writing -- Mein Kampf
Hitler used propaganda as a means of conversion
Castro had his own Radio program that he broadcasted when he was in exile
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Martin Broszat
explains the importance of propaganda as a means of keeping the Nazi Movement going even when it was failing
Nazi ideology had to be more than a belief it had to be presented in material form
"members were provided with an emotional experience and strengthened their thirst for future action... this facilitated the crystallisation of the hopes, expectations and resentments of many frightened and disorientated men and women around this extremist movement
Alan Bullock
Shows how Hitler managed to break into national politics and showed his skills as a propagandist
Hitler's speeches were well covered by Hugenburg's media organisation.
"To millions of Germans who had scarcely ever heard of him before, Hitler had now become a familiar figure, thanks to a publicity campaign entirely paid for by Hugenburg's rival party"