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Ch 6 ECOLOGY OF THE SCHOOL - Coggle Diagram
Ch 6 ECOLOGY OF THE SCHOOL
6.3 Parental Options Regarding School
6.3b
School Vouchers
government certificate for the amount of money the school district would spend on child for the education which can be applied to private school tuition or reimbursement for home schooling
6.3c
Charter Schools
are formed by a group of parents teachers or community members with a shared educational philosophy that is authorized & funded by the school district
6.3a
Magnet Schools
public school that offers special educational programs (science, music, or performing arts) and draws students from different neighborhoods
6.3d
Home-Based School
requirements vary by state and usually must have credentialed teacher and a prescribed curriculum. Sometimes combined with Charter Schools but most often it is because parents' believe that no public school will benefit their child and that it is their right to educate their children and teach morals and values as they see fit.
6.2 Macrosystem Influences on Schools
6.2a Political Ideology
A Democracy needs educated citizens
a) to discuss & compromise on issues pertaining to them as individuals & groups
b) select competent leaders to rule by the will of the majority
c) to evaluate the equity of the rules as well as the leader's implementation of them
6.2d Religion
Public schools can neither inhibit or promote a specific religious belief (1st Amendment)
6.2e Science / Technology
There have been technological, digital & scientific processes are continually advancing which children need to keep up with in order to be competitive in the job market.
6.2b Economics
Schools are under the jurisdiction of the states & educational $ comes from property taxes = wealthy communities >$ and <$ communities <$ for their children education (NY>; <UT)
6.2c Ethnicity
1 - The values of the majority ethnic group are shared through school curriculum & classroom management
2 - There is a challenge in balancing equity and diversity that allows ethnic minorities the ability to celebrate their distinctive heritage and identity
6.11 Mesosystem Influences on School: School-Media
1) PBS
2) Channel One
3) Computers
4) Tablets
6.1 The School's Function as a Socializing Agent
schools exert influence on children
a) educational program lead to achievement
b)formal organization (authority)
c) social relationships
U.S school functions
a) universal - open to all
b) formal - methodical
c) prescriptive - directions based on customs
6.7 Chronosystem Influences on School: Health & Safety
6.7a Health: Substance Use & Abuse
a) Schools are to participate in educating children by promoting health and preventing substance abuse
b) Children are in the temporary custody of children and can preform drug searches and drug tests in order for the child to participate in extra curricular activities
6.7b Health: Obesity
2008:16.9% of children 2-19 years old are obese
2011:95% of young people are enrolled in school
a) more children today have conditions that only 10yrs ago were attributed primarily to adults
b) childhood obesity is associated with social a& psychological problems
c) overweight children are more likely to be overweight adults
d) schools have long promoted of physical activity and healthy eating
6.7c
Violence
- behaviors that intentionally threaten, attempt, or inflict harm on others
Individual Risk Factors
a) history of violent victimization
b) ADD, ADHD or learning disorders
c) early aggressive behavior
d) association with delinquent peers
c) involvement in gangs
d) involvement in drugs, alcohol, or tobacco
e) low IQ
f) poor academic performance
g) low commitment to school or school failure
h) poor behavioral control
i) deficits in social, cognitive, or information-processing abilities
j) high emotional distress
k) antisocial beliefs and attitudes
l) social rejection by peers
m) exposure to violence & conflict in the family
n) lack of involvement in conventional activities
Relationship Risk Factors
a) harsh, lax, or inconsistent disciplinary practices
b) low parental involvement
c) low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers
d) low parental education & income
e) parental substance abuse or criminality
f) poor family functioning (communication)
g) poor monitoring & supervision of children
Community/Societal Risk Factors
a) diminished economic opportunities
b) high concentration of poor residents
c) high level of transiency
d) high level of family disruption
e) low levels of community participation
f) socially disorganized neighborhoods
g) low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers
h) low parental education & income
i) parental substance abuse or criminality
j) poor family functioning (communication)
k) poor monitoring & supervision of children
6.7d
Safety: Emergency Preparedness
Four Phases of Crisis Management
1)
Mitigation/prevention
- what schools & districts can do to reduce or eliminate risk to life & property
2)
Preparedness
- the process of planning for the worst-case scenario
3)
Response
- devoted to the steps to take during a crisis
4)
Recovery
- how to restore the learning & teaching environment after a crisis
a) natural disasters b) severe weather
c) fires
d) chemical or hazardous material spills
e) bus crashes
f) school shootings
g) bomb threats
h) medical emergencies
i) student or staff deaths
j) acts of terror war
k)outbreaks of disease or infections
6.4 Diversity & Equity
6.4a
Gender
1972 Title IV was passed & no person can be excluded from participation based on sex or discriminated against under any education program or activity that receives federal funding
6.4b Ethnicity
Cultural Assimilation
process in where the minority cultural group takes on the characteristics of the majority cultural group
Cultural Pluralism
mutual appreciation & understanding of various cultures & coexist in society of different languages, religions, & lifestyles
Melting Pot
the idea that society should socialize diverse groups to blend into a common culture
6.4c Language
6.4d Communication Style
6.4e Religion
6.4f Disability
disability
- reduction in the functioning of a particular body part or organ, or its absence
impairment
- physical damage or deterioration
handicap
- something that hampers a person; a disadvantage, a hinderance
handicapism
- assumptions & practices that promote the deferential and unequal treatment of people because they are different physically, mentally, or behaviorally
Ideological Background for Socialization of Individuals w/ Disabilities
1) Pre-Christian era - disabled people ere banished, neglected, and/or mistreated
2) During the spread of Christianity, they were protected and pitied
3)18th & 19th centuries, institutions were established to provide separate education
4) Late 20th century there was a move toward accepting the disabled population and now laws help the disabled to get free and equal education & compete for jobs w/o discrimination
Individuals w/ Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- 1990 give federal money to states and local agencies to educate children with disabilities ages 3-21
inclusion
- educational philosophy that all children are entitled to participate fully in their school and community
individualized education program (IEP)
- form of communication b/w school and family, developed by the group people (teacher, parent, & other involved personnel) responsible for the education of a child with special needs
6.12 Mesosystem Influences on School: School-Community
6.12c Community Businesses & Schools
Businesses can...
1) donate equipment
2) offer expert guest speakers
3) provide field trips
4) offer apprenticeships / training
6.12b Communities & Class Size
Large Class Size = >25 students
Small Class Sizes = <20 students
Students in smaller classes through elementary school showed better academic & personal outcomes throughout school
6.12d Community Services & Schools
Community service ideas
1) pick up trash at a local park
2) volunteer in a hospital, tutoring
3) support a nonprofit organization
6.12a Communities & School Size
small communities = small schools
large communities = large schools
Small schools w/ fewer students(<400) engage in a greater variety of activities, hold more leadership positions
1) have higher achievement, better discipline, better attendance, & higher graduation rates
2 higher satisfaction
Large schools w/ more students (>760) more choices of activities but students have to compete for acceptance
Students Connection with Their Schools
1) school size
2) discipline policies
3) student friendships
6.6 Chronosystem Influences on School: Technology
Computers:
1) students learning on & using computers
2) present & store information
3) motivate and reward learners
4) diagnose & prescribe
5) provide drill and practice
6) individualize instruction
7) collaboration on research
8) access libraries, universities, & government databases
Use...
1) online social networks
2) distance learning (anytime, anywhere access)
3) digital home schooling
4) video-game learning
...and so much more
6.8 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-Child
Learning Style
- a consistent pattern of behavior & performance by which an individual approaches educational experiences. a) composite of characteristic cognitive, affective and physiological behaviors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives , interacts with, and responds to the learning environment (home, school, & society)
6.10 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-Peer Group
5 General Categories by Lifestyle
1) Elites
2) Athletes
3) Academics
4) Deviants
5) Other
6.5 Chronosystem Influences on Schools: Societal Change
6.5a
Adaptations to Societal Change
1) 1964 Economic Opportunity Act
2) 1965 Elementary & Secondary Education Act (Title 1) --> 2001 No Child Left Behind Act
3) 1983 National Commission on Excellence in Education
4) 1990 & 1999 Education Excellence for All Children Act
5) 2001 No Child Left Behind Act
6) 2004 National Governors Association & Council of Chief State School Officers (Common Core)
6.9 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-Family
6.9a Family Involvement
3) partnership - providing home guidance to their children to support learning & extend school goals
2) participation - working in the classroom as paid or volunteer instructional assistants
1) decision making - determining school programs & policies