Biomolecules
macromolecules
metabolism
catabolic reaction
- dehydration synthesis
- remove water to combine molecules
anabolic reactions
- hydrolysis
- add water to break up molecules
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
micromoleules
monomers: saccharides
- 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)
monomer: nucleotides
- contains P
- has a 5 carbon rings, either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA, one less oxygen)
proteins
monomer: amino acids
primary structure
- amino acid chain connected by peptide bonds
- bond between C and N (H2O relased)
secondary structure
- chain folds, hydrogen bonds
- beta pleated sheets
alpha helix
tertiary structures-
- more bonds with itself and other polypeptides
- ionic, nonpolar/polar covalent, dissulfide
- chain with cystine aminos (contains sulfur) will make disulfide bridges
- dissulfide bridges cause curly hair
quarternary structures
- polypeptide chains link together
example: hemoglobin
oils, fats, waxes
- fats are solid at room temp, come from animals (saturated)
- oils are liquid at room temp, come from plant seeds (unsaturated)
- waxes are solid at room temp, not a food source
- fats and oils are triglycerides (3 fatty acids and 1 glycerols)
phospholipids
- similar to oils
- contains phosphate (-H2PPO4) in place of a fatty acid chain
- fat sandwich creates a bilayer
fused ring (steroids)
- 4 fused rings
- hormones
saturated fats
- straight fatty acid chain
unsaturated fats
- bent fatty acid chain extra H
transfats
-adding hydrogens to unsaturated make them saturated
- increases bad cholesterol (LDL)
- decreases good cholesterol (HDL)
DNA
- code for protein making
RNA
- copy of DNA
- has an extra O
cyclic AMP
- messenger molecule
ATP
- energy currency
- unstable tripple bond with phosphate groups
- end phosphate groups breaks off to produce energy
polysaccharides
- starch: in plants
- glycogen: in animals, liver
- cellulose: gridded structure, plant structure
disaccharides
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
- 2 amino chain: dipeptide
- 3-50 amino chain: peptide
- over 50 amino chain: polypeptide
functions
- keratin: found in hair
- albumin and casein: development
- hemoglobin: transports oxygen
- insulin: homeones, also growth
- antibodies: fights disease
- poisons
denaturation:
- 2 and 3 structures are altered
- cant function properly
- caused by changes in pH, salinity, and temperature
acidic: contains H,S,O
- H+ donor
basic: contains N
- H+ acceptor
non polar: contains C and H
- even share of electrons
polar: contains N,S,O,P
- uneven share of electrons
monomer: fatty acid
-carboxyl on one end with chains of C and H
nitrogen- containing bases:
- adenine: 2 ring
- guanine: 2 ring
- cytosine: 1 ring
- thymine: 1 ring
monosaccharide
- glucose
more saccharides makes food less sweet
Purine: adenine and guanine
Prymandine: cystosine, thymine (only DNA), uracil (only RNA)
fats are better then carbs for animals because they always move
carbs are better than fats for animals because they are stationary
storage carbs:
- plants > startch, saves energy for later
- animals > glycogen, replensihes by eating
Structure Polysaccharides
- plants > cellulose (walls of the plant cells, microfibrils)
- alpha and beta arrangements (beta can't always digest by humans)
- anthropods use chitin for exoskeleton
- cows cant digest cellulose > parasites in stomach break them down
- Carbonyl group on the end > glucose (aldehydes)
- Carbonyl group on the interior > fructose (ketones)