Learning Theories
Behaviourism.
Learning happens when new behaviours or changes in behaviours are acquired through association between stimuli and responses
Cognitivism. A learning process that address the issues of how information is received, organised, stored and retrieved by the mind.
Constructivism.
Learning through experiences. Learning and knowledges are constructed based on how the individual interprets and creates the meaning of his/her experiences.
3 ways how students can learn through Behaviourism Theory :-
Operant Conditioning.
A learning process when responses of the students are controlled by the consequences.
Observational Learning.
A learning process by observing others' behaviours then imitate those behaviours
Classical Conditioning.
Learning process through evoking natural response.
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Experiment: Using Skinner Box, a cage is set up. Rat will get food reward if they step on a lever. The lever causes food to be released. Skinner observation was reinforcement lead to increase in behaviour whereas punishment would hinder behaviours.
How teachers imply this?
Teacher gives gift to students who scored A in exam. Teacher scolds students when the students failed in examination.
Ivan Pavlov.
Experiment: Using dog and food, Pavlov used bell to attracted the dog. The dog came and Pavlov let the dog smelled the food before gave it to the dog. The dog will come to Pavlov whenever it bells ringing.
Implication:
The implications will be students study hard to get rewards and too avoid scolding too.
How Teacher Can Imply This? Teacher will blow whistle to tell students to line up according to their class during assembly.
Implication: Students will immediately line up whenever they hear the sound of the whistle.
Experiment: Bobo Doll Experiment. Bandura let children watch violent movies. After the children watched it, they were left alone in a room with a bobo doll. Children then imitate all the violent action and hurt the bobo doll.
How Teachers Can Imply This? Teacher should tell inspirational stories about people who succeeded in life by working so hard. For example, Jack Ma, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk and others.
Implication: Students will feel motivated to try harder to make their life successful.
Philosophers
Jean Piaget
John Dewey
How Theory is Used in Learning Process?
Examples of Activity Can be Done in Classroom:
Case Studies
Research Projects
Branstorming Ideas
Group Work
Experiment
SImulations
Discovery Learning
4 stages of Developmental Stages
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational Stages
The Experientaial Learning Cycle
1. Experiencing. The activiti phase.
2. Sharing. Exchanging reactions and observations.
3. Processing. Discussing patterns and dynamics
WHAT?
4. Generalizing. Developing real-world principles.
SO WHAT?
5. Applying. Planning effective use of learning
Teacher need to make an active learning process so that students use their knowledge to interpret and create ideas. The outcomes are always unpredictable because students are constructing their own knowledge. Hence, Constructivism does not work when the results need to be consistent.
Jean Piaget
Mental process
Input (Knowledge)
Attention
Short Term Memory
Encoding/ Retrieval
Long Term Memory
Rehearsal
Long Term Memory
Loss
Loss.
Loss
How Teachers Can Improve Students' Memory?
Teachers can use techniques such as advance organizers, analogies, hierarchical relationships, and matrices to help learners relate new information to prior knowledge
Examination at the end of semester or Quiz at the end of classes needed to be done to make students stores knowledge in long term-memory.