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LEARNING THEORIES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - -Socially transmitted knowledge (cooperative learning and scaffolding)
        -Zone of proximal development
      - According Vygotsky(1978), much important learning by child occurs through social interaction with skillful tutor
    - - Suggests that children move through four different stages of intellectual development which reflect the increasing sophistication of children's thought
        
        4 stages
        
        sensorimotor (0-2 years)
        -The main achievement during this stage is object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden
        
        concrete operational (7-11 years)
        -it marks the beginning of logical or operational thought
        
        preoperational (2-7 years)
        -During this stage, young children can think about things symbolically.
        -Thinking is still egocentric
        
        formal operational. (11- adult)
        -people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
- - - - -Pavlov is known for his contribution to the theory of behaviorism mostly through his work in classical conditioning.
        -His most famous experiment is involved a dog, food and a bell
        -Ivan Pavlov experiment (Classical Conditioning) :
        -dog's food : the natural stimuli, the bell : The neutral stimuli and dog's saliva : a natural reflex
        -Whenever the dog's food is presented to the dog, the bell is rang
        -The next time, when the bell is rang, even though without the food is presented to the dog, the dog would come with saliva pouring from its mouth. (stimulus = response)
    - - -Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning
        -Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.
        -B.F. Skinner conducted experiment that explained postive reinforcement and negative reinforcement by using "Skinner Box"
        -Rats were put in a box, if they pressed the leaver they were rewarded with pellets, if not they were given an electric shock.
- - - - Atkinson and Shiffrin associated with Information Processing Model)
        -They proposed that memory consisted of three stores, it is sensory memory(sensory register), short-term memory and long-term memory
        -IPM provides a helpful framework for thinking about memory
    - - Working memory is similar to short-term memory, which is the part of our memory that stores a limited number of items, which are really only accessible to us for about a minute or less.
      - The model has four major components
        -Central executive
        -phonological loop
        -Visuospatial sketchpad
        -Episodic buffer
    - - famous for his 'Conditions of learning'
      - Nine Events of Instruction - gain attention, inform student of objectives, stimulate recollection of prior learning, present stimulus material, provide student guidance, elicit performance, provide feedbacks, assess performance and enhance retention transfer