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Behaviourisme, Cognitivisme, Constructivisme, Learning Theories - Coggle…
Behaviourisme
- List View of Knowledge: According to Milten berger behavioursime can be defined as knowledge of concentrating behaviours can be observed and measured .The person who wants to acquire knowledge needs to be eagered to gain stimuli from environment. The reaction which is made through interaction with environment is known as response.
Basically, the learning process of behaviourisme needs stimulus to produce responses in learning.There are two types of behaviourisme learning:
- Classical conditioning: It requires unconditioned stimulus and responses.
- Operant conditioning: It requires learning the use of reward and punishment to encourage responses.
- List view of Learning.
- Classical Conditioning:
- Founded by Ivan Pavlov
-Experiment involves dog, food and bell.
-Places food infront of the dog and it salvivates.
- Before placing the food, the bell rings but the dog did not response.
- When the food is placed and bell is ringing, dog salivates.
- After that, Pavlov didnt place the food but he rings the bell, dog still salivates.
- This experiment explains to us the response that can be produced if we receive stimulus form environment.
- Operant conditioning:
- Founded by B.F Skinner
- It explains how the learning process by using rewards and punishments
-Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.
Punishments:
- Punishments: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.
- List of Scholars that familiar in behaviourisme
- Ivan Pavlov
-According to Dembo (1994) Pavlov is best known for his contribution to the theory of behaviourism mostly through his work in classical conditioning or stimulus substitution. Pavlov's most famous experiment involved a dog, food and a bell.
- Pavlov was born in 1894 and died in 1936.
- B.F Skinner
- Like other behaviourists, Skinner also believed in the stimulus-response pattern of conditioned behaviour. It is worthy stating here that operant conditioning is a process both named and investigated by Skinner.
-The term ‘operant' means how behaviour operates on the environment. Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviour may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of that behaviour to be repeated or punishment,
- List theory inform Instruction:
a. Lesson objectives. It is advisable for teacher to construct the learning objectives about how the learners shoud achieve at the end of learning session. If the learners know the objectives, they will more eager and motivate them to learn happily.
b. Behavioral Beliefs. Teachers must have duty to create favourable environment of learning. The creation of activities in learning produces the happiness of learning in class. c. Contents of Learning.Teachers must know an appropriate materials and know what are things that neet to be taught so that the students will concentrate in class.
Cognitivisme
- List theory of inform instruction
In an instructional setting, social “partners” should be at
different levels of development, and they should jointly
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- List of view learning:
a. Jean Piaget:
-Assimilation: Process of integrating new information with existing knowledge
-Accomodation:Process of modification or transformation in existing cognitive structures
- Schema: Mental structure of representing event
-Tuning- New information does not fit in cognitive and eliminated.
Reconstructing: Gain more experiences
b. Lev Vygotsky
- Social Cognitivisme
-Zone Development Proximal: Learning through assistance
-Law of Genetic Development: Increasing ability of cognitive by interaction
-Auxiliary Stimuli: Mastery own behaviour
- List of scholars that familiar
a. Jean Piaget:
- Piaget's (1936) theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
b. Lev Vygotsky
- The work of Lev Vygotsky (1934) has become the foundation of much research and theory in cognitive development over the past several decades, particularly of what has become known as sociocultural theory.
Sociocultural theory views human development as a socially mediated process in which children acquire their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
Constructivisme
- List theory of inform instruction
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The father of social constructivism, Vygotsky and Piager [6] views
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people, interactions that involve sharing, comparing and debating
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from the sole dispenser of knowledge to motivator, guide and resource
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- List of Scholars that familiar
a. Lev Vygotsky
- The Father of Constructivisme
- He introduces scaffolding for learning
-Proximal Development Zone
b. Jean Piaget
- Piaget says the humans gain knowledge and learn on how they make interaction with ideas and experiences.
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