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LEARNING THEORIES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pavlov developed the theory known now as ‘classical conditioning’ through the study of dogs.From his perspective, learning begins with a stimulus-response connection. In this theory, a certain stimulus leads to a particular response.
    - - Thorndike introduced a theory of learning now called ‘connectionism’.Thorndike emphasized the role of experience in the strengthening and weakening of stimulus-response connections: ‘Responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; responses that are followed by discomfort weakened.’Thorndike proposed that practice also influences stimulusresponse connections. His idea that rewards promote learning continues to be a key element of behaviourist theory.
    - - Watson introduced the term ‘behaviourism’ and was an important advocate of the approach in the early part of the twentieth century.Watson called for the use of scientific objectivity and experiment in the psychology of learning. He devised the law of frequency that stressed the importance of repetition:‘The more frequent a stimulus and response occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become.’ He also devised the law of recency: ‘The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.’
- - - - He is one of the founder of cognitivism theory. He proposed his idea which observed the change of cognitive abilities yielded by psycological aspect.
    - - The futher cognitivist is Bloom (1956) described the domains of learning. He identified three things that related to learning process, the first is cognitive which refers to the intellectual aspect, the second is affective that refers to the attitudes and values, and the last is psychomotor refers to the collaboration of physical and mental process.
    - - Learning results in an organized body of information. From his experiment with rats, he proposed that rats develop cognitive maps of their environment: they learn where different parts of the environment are situated in relation to on another.
- - - - As the father of constructivism theory, Piaget constructed a major principle in his constructivism theory. The main principle in Piaget's theory is that knowledge must be built by students as the active creator of that knowledge. This means that students must be active in all their learning activities; they should be able to pick up and dig new information and process it according to their needs.
    - - Jerome Bruner in 1915 developed constructivism with an interactions approach to language development that explored themes such as acquisition of communicative ideas and the development of their language expressions, the interactive context of language use in childhood, and the role of parents input and behavior of scaffolding in the acquisition of linguistic forms. The constructivism idea developed by Bruner illustrates that constructivism involves interpersonal, inter-subjective, collaborative processes to create a shared meaning.