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Community Ecology - Coggle Diagram
Community Ecology
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
mutualism=two organisms benefiting from an interaction
facilitation=one organism benefits, no effect on other
nurse plants
alter environment around them so other seedlings are able to succeed
primary succession
organisms become established on newly created substrates
Predator-Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
most simple system, not realistic
functional response
feeding rate
prey-dependent:
ability to find a new prey organism depends on prey density
handling time
paradox of enrichment
one would think that helping environment for prey would be good
if not done correctly, hurts everything
maximum sustained yield
harvesting only enough to keep number below K
Fixed effort harvesting
ability to harvest number of organisms with a certain amount of work
fixed quota harvesting=same thing for a certain number
Predator Selection Among Multiple Prey
can be omnivorous
probability of encounter
what are the chances of finding prey
willingness to attack
are there spines that could possible deal damage
ability to be eaten
to hard to open, not able to digest
optimal foraging theory
optimal diet model
should prefer prey with best calorie:handling time
if high yield become scarce, go to most abundant
some parts will always be eaten, some always left
probability of being eaten depends on other around
Competition Between Species
less obvious in plants
exploitation competition
resource is physically consumed by one organism
interference competition
restriction of others access to a resource
invasive
when a new species is introduced to an established area
resource=substance or factor that can lead to increased growth rates
Apparent Competition
when prevalence of plants change though they are not in direct competition
predator preferring one plant
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
metapopulation=multiple populations connected with gene flow
region of environment is composed of discrete patches in which species can live
some patches are occupied by species where other suitable patches are not
empty patches become colonized by migration
populations within individual patches have probability of going extinct within the patch
high quality patch=source habitat
low quality patch=sink habitat
fugitive species
colonize, reproduce, and run
Diveristy
Diversity and Scale
scale=size/magnitude
larger areas are more diverse than small ones
larger areas have a larger population than any given sub region
species-area relationship
species abundance distribution
number of species in each abundance class
Diversity and Latitude
more polar regions->less species diversity
equatorial regions=benign
polar regions=extreme
Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food Webs
keystone species
species that keeps the entire food order in line
could be apex predator, could be any level of trophic pyramid
community=group of species that occur together at same time and place
climax community=most stable community
community restoration=e.g. wolves into yellowstone
important for environment
