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Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
same things
Climate
restrictive on species
most organisms' environments are limited by temperature they can survive in
tolerance range= high and low of a species' thermal survivability
Soil Factors
pioneers
plants that are the first in a new place
must be able to survive extremes
A horizon, uppermost layer
B horizon, next down, zone of deposition
C horizon, mostly parent rock
nutrients and chemical composition vary widely
Latitude and Altitude
day/night cycle changes
gas concentrations vary
less protection from the sun
Disturbance
natural disasters
fire, snow slide, etc
human impacts
building dams, construction
massive changes made to the environment an organism exists in
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
the organism itself has an impact on the habitat
varying organisms have varying effects
Other Plant Species
all the niche stuff from Zo
competition, mutualism, etc.
Organisms Other Than Plants
herbivory=predation
various organisms will feed on a single plant
can have benefits
few examples of mutualism from plants and animals
fungi and bacteria
pathogenic
can kill the plant
mutualistic
fixing N2 in the roots
habitat=set of condition in which an organism completes its lifecycle
operational habitat= aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
limiting factor
the variable that manipulates an organisms ability to persist in a given environment
complex plot, varies depending on location
water, light, temperature
Local Geographic Distribution
distributions
random
no obvious pattern
clumped
spacing between plants either small or large
uniform
tree plantations
uniform/homogenous
Age Distribution: Demography
organisms in lower tropic level are generally younger
generation time
time from birth of an organism to the birth of its offspring
more commonly studied in animals
think Bigmouth Buffalo
intrinsic rate of natural increase
biotic potential
number of offspring produced by an individual living to maturity
carrying capacity
the max number of an organism that an environment can support
r- and K-selection
r-selection
short lived, more brushy
pioneer species
K-selection
long living organisms, think trees
grow slowly, live long time
The Structure of Ecosystem
closely related
Physiognomic Structure
the physical size and shape of an organism
categories:
trees
shrubs
herbs
many different lifeforms
infinite variation exists
Temporal Structure
changes in an ecosystem with time
can be short
opening and closing of stomata
occurs every night
can be long
changes with seasons
take a whole year
caused by external stimuli
rainy season
temperature changes
changing light cycle
Species Composition
number and diversity of species interacting in ecosystem
can be very diverse
rainforest
can be more simple
desert
number of niches varies
depends on nutrient availability
Trophic Level
know this stuff pretty well from Zo
all energy from Sun
carbon/energy flow
energy availability is a pyramid
number of organisms is most of the time
