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HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS, CHARACTERS, To achieve the United…

- - - - THE RISE OF NOVEL
        
        It's a long narrative prose. The rise of this particular literary genre was connected to the rise of the middle class. The readers wanted to read about their world, and their environment.
        
        THE READING PUBLIC
        
        The Augustan Age saw an increas in prose writing of every genre; 2 different factors contributed to this:
        
        The rise in a new reading public, the MIDDLE CLASS
        
        the middle class was made up of: wealthy merchants and professionals, most of whom could read and write
        
        The middle class, felt a need to improve their education: for professionals reasons, but also to have a better understanding of the world
        
        Printing technology
        
        Book and all reading material could be re-produced quicker and better. This helped give rise to circulating libraries, were people could borrow books
        
        There were many women among this new reading public as they gradually became more educated and wanted to improve themselves
        
        LONDON AND THE COFEE HUSES
        
        London was the economic and cultural heart of England. It's an important centre for literature, offering great and social opportunities..
        
        Journalists, writers and novelists met in cofee houses, taverns clubs. The first London coffee house opened in 1652, and by 1739, there were 551 coffee houses in the city.
        
        THE 5 GREAT NOVELISTS OF THE 17TH CENTURY
        
        Jonathan Swift: used satire and humour to criticise the political situation in England
        
        Daniel Defoe: is considered the creator of realistic fiction
        
        Samuel Richardson: his most famous novel is Pamela, a novel of letters
        
        Henry Fielding: the author of Tom Jones, became famous for his humour and satire
        
        Laurence Sterne: anti-novel called Tristram Shandy
      - FRANKENSTEIN
        
        SETTING
        
        PLACE: the setting is very wide
        
        Switezerland, Geneva
        
        Mont Blanc
        
        Germany, Inglostadt
        
        France
        
        England
        
        Scotland
        
        Russia
        
        Artic, North Pole
        
        TRAVEL/JOURNEY
        
        Italy, Naples
        
        TIME
        
        18th century
        
        different genres made up Frankenstein, not only one
        
        "Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow ".
        
        Frankenstein is warning Walton so, it can be considered also as a
        
        MORAL FABLE
        
        science is extremely powerful and men has unlimited abilities, it can go so far as create life. But just because he can, does not mean that he should
        
        too much knowledge can somehow kill
        
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- - - - She is the ambassador of the United Nations. We have an urgent mission to complete by 2030; we need to fight:
        
        EXTREME POVERTY
        
        RESPECT OUR PLANET
        
        GLOBAL INEQUALITY
        
        WHAT IS AGENDA 2030?
        
        GOAL N. 5: GENDER EQAULITY
        
        MALALA
        
        She was born in Minigora, Pakistan on the 12th July 1997
        
        Her father was a teacher and ran a girl's school in their village
        
        In 2008, she had to leav school and her classmates
        
        In October 2012, on her way home a masked gunman shot her on the left side of her head
        
        "I tell my story not because it is unique, but because it is the story of many girls"
        
        She established in 2014, the Malala Found, a charity dedicated to giving every girl an opportunity to achieve a future
        
        MALALA FOUN EDUCATION CHAMPION NETWORK
        
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        Secondary education for girls can transform communities, countries, and our world
        
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        In 2014, after months of surgery and rehabilitation she joined her family, and decided to continue her fight until every girl could go to school
        
        SURVEY
        
        8,3 : 91,4
      - APHRA BEHN
        
        is believed to be the first woman in England (and also in Europe) who was successful as a novelist
        
        she lived in 17th century when writing was not considered an acceptable art for women, who instead were expected to dedicate themselves to the home and the children
        
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- - - - THE ROYAL SOCIETY
        
        The Royal Society, which was founded in 1660, exerted a strong influence on the cultural life of the country, favouring the production of philosophical and scientific works
        
        their plain, linera and realistic style contributed to creating a model of English prose for: philosophers, historians and critics
        
        The motto of the Royal Society was: *"On the words of no one", it meant that the truth of scientific works had to be verified through experiments
        
        PROSE IN THE RESTORATION
        
        Prose concentrated mainly on philosophy and religion. There was a new style of writing which was clearer, more precise and more suitable
        
        the Royal Society was founded during the period of:
        
        THE RESTORATION AND THE AUGUSTAN AGE
        
        Charles II's reign is known as the Restoration period because the king was "restored" to the throne along with the reintroduction of the Commonwealth and the previous system of government
        
        At this period, there were struggles between Anglicans, Catholics and dissenters
        
        Puritans refused to recognise the Church of England as their religion guide and left England for America
        
        James II succeeded Charles in 1685; he wanted to re-establish Catholicism as main religion, and this caused a strong opposition from Parliament
        
        This overthrowing of the king by Parliament was known as Glorious Revolution
        
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        The final years of the 18th century saw the rise of: Tories (old aristocracy and Church of England) and Whigs (supported by the middle class)
        
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        This period of time has many names: Restoration, Age of reason or enlightenment and Augustan Age
- - - - THE SCIENCE FICTION NOVEL
        
        Future society, which is parallels our own. Imaginary elements are in coherence with scientifically postulated or established laws of nature. Most famous novel is "Nineteen Eighty-Four", by George Orwell
      - Focuses on social issue. A famous author is John Steinbeck, who wrote "Grapes of Wrath"
- - - - the hero of the story is the monster
      - the presence of a kind of maniac, who is insane(Victor Frankenstein)
      - the sense of supernatural elements, that try to control the laws of nature
      - gloomy atmosphere linked to the battle between good and evil even from a psychological point of view, in Victors mind.
    - - ELEMENTS OF THE GOTHIC TRADITION?
        
        • strong emotions
        
        • a sense of suspance and horror
        
        • supernatural elements
      - COMMON SETTINGS OF THE GOTHIC TRADITION?
        
        • castles
        
        • churches
        
        • graveyards
      - CHARACTER TYPES F THE GOTHIC GENRE?
        
        • Vampires
        
        • Maniacs
        
        • Persecuted people
        
        • Goths
        
        • Criminals
      - 5 MAJOR GOTHIC AUTHORS?
        
        • Horace Walpole (The Castle of Otranto, 1765),
        
        • Ann Radcliffe (Mysteries of Udolpho, 1794),
        
        • Matthew Lewis (The Monk, 1796),
        
        • Charles Brockden Brown (Wieland, 1798).
        
        FICTION DURING THE ROMANTIC AGE
        
        The gothic novel fully absorded the Romantic Passion for the the supernatural and mysterious.
        
        OTHER LITERARY FORMS
        
        The Romantic age witnenessed an increasing popularity in the ESSAY, which tended to be more introspective and freer in expression to reflect the more subjective mood of the period
        
        Charles Lamb (1775-1834
        
        William Hazlitt (1778-1830)
        
        Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)
        
        DRAMA was NOT SO POPULAR during the Romantic Age, because it was considered as an "inferior" and vulgar form of art
        
        THE RISE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
        
        The first half of the 19th century saw the rise of this new literature in English language
        
        Although they were writing in English, the new authors TRIED TO DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES FROM the ENGLISH literary MODELS
        
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        THE ROMANTIC POETS
        
        the poets of this period are usually divided into:
        
        Firts generation
        
        William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
        
        Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
        
        They created what is considered to be the MANIFEST OF ENGLISH ROMANTICISM.
        
        Second generation
        
        Lord Byron (1788-1824)
        
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        Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
        
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        John Keats (1795-1821)
        
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        remained revolutionary throughout their lives, poetry and lifestyle
        
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        THE PRE - ROMANTIC POETS
        
        Thomas Gray (1716-1771)
        
        Classical form of poetry
        
        "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"
        
        interest in the lives of humble people
        
        William Blake (1757-1827)
        
        Poet and painter
        
        Forerunner of the Romantic poets
        
        His poetry is easy to understan
        
        "Songs of Innocence and of Experience"
        
        ROMANTIC THEMES
        
        THE ROMANTIC AGE
        
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        Focused on the inner self
        
        Interest of NATURE, a source of inspiration
        
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        Stong interest in childhood
        
        AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS
        
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- - - - Through the letters we are introduced into the events, into the story from different countries.
      - In this way characters could communicate because the novel is in the 1800 century, and this was the only way
      - Furthermore, this letters give the the effect of REALISM to the book. The letters and the diary create a reality idea in the readers mind.
        
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        Shift between the real world and the magic one
    - - POINT OF VIEW:
        
        is the one of the main characters
        
        Frankenstein
        
        Walton
        
        The creature
      - Description
      - Dialogs
      - Narration
      - This 3 the narrative modes interwoven, and in 1st person
        
        Like in Harry Potter