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Perceptual & Motor Development - Coggle Diagram
Perceptual & Motor Development
Visual perception
From birth
Seek visual information
prefer complex patterns & contrast
Preferential looking procedures
Give them interesting contrast (stripes vs grey) --> able to see = tend to look at more contrast
things with contrast: faces, text & lines
acuity
definition
how well they see
is
poor at birth
characterized by
fuzzier vision
born with immature cones (cells of eyes)
involved with
seeing colour and detail
not fully developed
adult-like by 6 to 8 months
because
muscles in eyes get more developed with age
scanning
definition
when infants look around environment for visual stimulation
at birth
focus on outer edges
because of
contrast & boundaries
by 2 months
more holistic scanning
by
looking at faces -- different components & shapes
looking at objects as a whole
patterns and shapes
initially
don't see patterns as organized whole
processing features
by
paying attention to configurations
which
takes several months for infants to start configurating them
by 7 months
perceive patterns as organized whole (vs as individual pieces)
test by
habituation
results:
dishabituation = increase in looking at different configuration
colour
1 to 4 weeks
can distinguish between
white/grey and red
but not between white/grey and other colours
8 weeks
can distinguish
white/grey vs. red, blue, orange
but not yellow
2 to 4 months
similar colour perception as adults
characterized by
categorical perception
which is
perceiving clusters of similarity that do not necessarily come from physical similarity
for example
colours measured in wavelength of light (in nm)
equal distances from each other
colour is a continuum
1 more item...
no physical reason that objects are grouped in one way
to test
habituation
by
habituating to middle colour
test them on 450 blue
test them on 510 green
do they dishabituate?
when they see the other blue
it is boring
still blue even when it is 30 nm away
grouped together as blue
when they see green
which is
the same distance from middle blue to other blue
it is exciting
big recovery in looking
able to discriminate colours
start to
perceive colours in adult- like way
categories instead of continuum
depth
through
monocular cues
used to
perceive pictures and real life
pictorial cues
such as
relative size
interposition
convergence of lines
things you can see with one eye closed
evidenced by
4 months
improved between
5 to 7 months
binocular cues
characterized by
binocular disparity
which is
retinal image from each eye is slightly different
stereopsis
which is
process that brain computes binocular disparity
at 4 months
seems to be due to experience-expectant brain maturation
motion
characterized by
optical expansion
which is
the visual image of an object increases as it becomes closer
evidenced by
1 month
study
visual cliff
experience?
6 to 14 months: infants show reluctance to crawl off cliff
influenced by
crawling abilities
innate?
1 to 2 months: show decrease in heart rate while on drop-off
faces
at birth
like faces
is it innate?
because
of general bias for top-heavy complex patterns/
tuned to our own species?
experience?
through
study of discrimination of human faces and monkey faces
results
6 months: discriminated both human and monkey faces
9 months/adults: discriminated only human faces
maintenance?
between 6 to 9 months
given picture book naming monkeys
tested at 9 months
infants can discriminate new monkey faces
no experience = lose broader abilities
characterized by
perceptual narrowing
definition
perceptual abilities are initially broad, but become selective with experience
induction
don't have perceptual abilities & need to get experience to tune it
with
binocular disparity
which is
1 more item...
for faces
study on infant recognition of own and other race faces
results
3 months: can discriminate all races
9 months: can only discriminate own race faces
other domains
taste
at birth
prefer sweet flavours
preferences impacted by
early exposure to flavours
smell
at birth
can differentiate odours, display facial expressions in response
prefer mom's scent
positive expressions
butter, banana, chocolate
rejection
fish, rotten eggs
odours can be soothing to baby
more likely to stop fussing when presented with mom's odour
touch
used to
navigate the world
pain
experienced
similar amount of pain receptors as in adults
greater in preterm, and male infants
motor milestones
reaching
is
hard to do
control over arm/hand muscles
plan trajectory of arm movement
modify hand shape for target object
stabilize and balance body whole arm reaches
1 to 3 months
pre-reaching
3 to 4 months
first successful reaching, but uncoordinated
7 months
more stable reaching
7 to 10 months
can anticipate reach to characteristics/functions of target object
self-locomotion
crawling
can move around unless constrained
by 8 to 10 months
walking
by 1 year
first steps
toddler stage
duck-like walk with feet wide apart
until 1.5 to 2 years
smooth/steady walking
influence of experience?
more experience
leads to
better awareness of difficult challenges
specific experience
doesn't always
translate to other motor abilities
intermodal perception
encounter world in many modalities at one
infants' perception integrated across modalities?
study
1 month old put in dark room, given rough or smooth pacifiers, which one did the baby look at when the lights were turned on?
results
looked longer at the one they had in their mouth
sense through touch, recognize through vision
used perception in one domain to inform perception in another
study
is infants' recognition of their mother's face impacted by other senses?
1 group of newborns saw & heard mother after birth, 1 group only saw mother
tested 2 to 12 hours after birth
preference for mother's vs stranger's face
results
ONLY seen for infants who saw & heard mother
audio-visual matching
results
speech matching by 2 months
perceptual narrowing
motor development
involves
reflexes
definition
involuntary movements or actions
characteristics
can be adaptive
rooting
can prepare for later development
stepping
some have no clear purpose
Babinski
many present and then disappear with development
example
why does stepping reflex go away between 2 to 8 weeks?
traditional theory
disappear due to cortical maturation
dynamic systems theory
everything is integrated; brain + body + environment + motivation
appears/disappears depending on body weight
never disappears in environments where walking is "practiced"