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Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on…

- - - - Achieve autarky
        
        Self-dependency
        
        would mean German's could had a Werwirtschaft (war economy)
        
        Reducing unemployment
        
        Unemployment had peaked at 6million in 1932 but was already beginning to fall by January 1933 due to a general world recovery after the GD
        
        Revival of trade cycle, increase in public investment
        
        Provided marriage allowances to women to remove them from the market + forced Jews out of work --> created more jobs for German men
        
        Government infrastructure projects to create work, eg. reforestation, land reclamation, road-building, construction, subsidies given to companies to hire more workers
        
        Reintroduction of conscription
        
        decrease youth unemployment
        
        IMPACT:
        
        Labour shortage by 1939, car industry autobahn
        
        Law for constructions of 7000km of autobahnen
        
        Car manufacturing was made the most important industry - people tempted with Car ownership
        
        1 more item...
        
        Autobahns were paid for by the state and built by private companies (provided orders for them)
        
        Meant to boost employment, stimulate car production and aid military communications but the surface was too weak for tanks
        
        Unemployment figures were due to the removal of women and Jews from the workforce and people being put in concentration camps
        
        Introduced because there was inflation and balance of payments deficit
        
        Total government control of trade and currency exchange
        
        increased government regulation of imports
        
        development of trade with less developed countries
        
        Development of German Trade with central and southeast Europe
      - Unite all Germany speaking people into one Reich and expand Lebensraum
        
        After WW1 there were Germans living in many countries across Europe eg. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany
      - Revise Treat of Versailles
        
        Hitler felt the treaty was unfair and most German's supported this view
    - - A moderate policy up to 1935
      - Increased activity between 1935 and 1937
      - A more confident foreign policy after 1937, certain that there would be little to no opposition to his plans
  - - - The impact that his policies had on the standard of living in Germany in terms of employment and a sense of pride and nationalism also allowed him to maintain his power
    - - Led to needed living space for Germany's surplus living space
        
        Was an economic necessity - the only way to secure a long-term economic resurgence for Germany was through gaining 'living space' in the East
    - - Occurred as Britain settled on a policy of appeasement (giving in to Germany to avoid conflict)
      - Invasion of the Rhineland, Sudetenland --> reclaimed important border regions that held industrial sites and military storage/bases
      - Increase of German army beyond the limit set in the Treaty
    - - Germany annexed Austria in 1938
    - - Alliance between Germany and Russia to not start a war and divide Poland between them when it gets invaded
      - Poland does not get divided between them...
    - - Alliance between Germany and Italy
- - - - ties with soviets were cancelled because of the collapse of the Union
      - Concerned about US reprisals, no country would risk providing weapons to Cuba except Russia
      - The Soviet Union imported 1 million tons of sugar in return for oil, technicians, fertilisers, and industrial goods
    - - Castro nationalised Shell, Esso and Standard oil, all who refused to process Soviet crude
      - Castro then nationalised more American assets in Cuba, including banks and sugar mills
    - - 1975: deployment of Cuban troops to Angola in order to aid the Marxist MPLA ruled government against the South African-backed UNITA opposition forces
      - 1977: Cuban troops were also sent to Marxist Ethiopia to assist Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War with Somalia
      - 1979, Castro extended support to Marxist Revolutionary movements throughout Latin America, such as aiding the Sandinistas in overthrowing the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua
    - - EU praised Cuba's willingness to discuss questions of human rights
    - - Bay of Pigs
        
        April 1961 = invasion force of Cuban exiles trained in the US by the CIA invaded Cuba
        
        Only three US made planes bombed Cuban air bases
        
        they used US equipment and landed at several sites the main one being the Bay of Pigs
        
        Castro had agents in the CIA and knew of the invasion plans
        
        he arrested at least 20,000 people and held them in teaters or sports arenas as a precaution
        
        his troops were waiting for them and captured 1100 men
        
        resulted in the boosting of the popularity of Castro, even in other LA countries
      - Cuban Missile Crisis
        
        USSR placed missile launchers in Cuba (attempted to reach nuclear parity with US in arms race) -- capable of reaching US
        
        Ended when USSR agreed to withdraw missiles providing US agreed not to attack Cuba + withdraw NATO missiles from Turkey (brinkmanship)
        
        Castro felt betrayed by Soviets apparant surrender
        
        began to develop own policy to end independence of USSR
        
        Cemented importance of the third world in the cold war
  - - - Greater stability
      - From 1989 bought 13 million tons of oil from the USSR each year
      - Received $4 billion in aid each year
    - - Cuban income dropped by 50%
      - supply of oil dropped from 13 million tonnes to 2 milion
      - Castro was able to make some changes in the country
      - the country suffered but the regime stayed strong
      - increased faith in the Cuban style of communism
    - - Even the failure in the relations with the USSR after their collapse strengthened the peoples faith in the regime and in communism in Cuba
- - - - Foreign policy was a key feature of Hitler's plans to control germany, based on Mussolini's idea that leadership at home was indispensable to expansion abroad
    - - Nazi foreign policy successes were exploited by the use of propaganda to build support for the regime, although Germans did not hugely support the prospect of war
    - - Germany's economic recovery was caused by the return of private consumption and spending - rearmament had little to do with it, and was largely a myth until 1936
    - - the desire for lebensraum was highly based off of economic necessity. He refers to a speech were Hitler argues that living space in Germany would be needed for economic recovery
        
        "It was pointless trying to boost exports; the only way to a long-term, secure recovery of the German economy was through the conquest of 'living space' in the East, and preparations for this now had to take priority over everything else."
  - - - "missiles in Cuba were a defence for the regime and allowed Castro to maintain his socialist regime"
    - - "Cuba Struggled to survive" on the impact of the fall of the USSR
    - - "Cuba's dependence laid on soviet aid" - on Cuba's dependence on the USSR
    - - "Castro's ability to read the political scene allowed him to gain popular support"
    - - "The Cuban economy contracted sharply, but the Cuban regime remains with Fidel Castro firmly at its helm"
        
        On the failure/success of the USSR
    - - relations with the USSR helped Castro's consolidation of power
        
        "Cuba's involvement in the world socialist community consolidated Castro's power in Cuba"