Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Population Genetics and Evolution - Coggle Diagram
Population Genetics and Evolution
Population Genetics
Factors that Are Not Part of Natural
does not
include
intention
planning
purpose,
voluntary decision making
plants do not produce nectar
to attract pollinators;
Multiple Selection Pressures
insect attack, drought, cold
pathogenic fungus
loss of individual
mutation that produces an allele
improves fitness
cold hardiness affects plants
ability
to withstand cold
Factors that Cause the Gene Pool to Change
Artificial Selection
human changing the allele frequency
used to produce ornamental plants
used to alter
flower color and size
carried out in conjunction with artificial mutation
Accidents
cannot adapt
collision of
large meteorite
Mutation
#
occurs continally
depends on population size
Natural Selection
produce more offspring
the progeny must
differ from each other
most significant factor
the differential survival among organisms
Situations in which Natural Selection Does Not Operate
cannot operate
population are identical genetically
if survival is universal
natural selection does not occur
Competition does not occur
habitat that
support growth and reproduction
Rates of Evolution
complex structures
product of the
developmental interaction
loss of a structure or metabolism
few mutation produced
Speciation
Divergent Speciation
Biological Reproductive Barrier
prevents successful gene flow
inhibits pigment synthesis
discriminating pollinator
Adaptive Radiation
species rapidly diverges into many new species
founder individual
occurs when the species enters a new habitat
genetic drift
Abiological Reproductive Barriers
allopatric or geographic speciation
prevents two populations from exchanging
genes
Convergent Evolution
cactus spines are modified leaves,
euphorbia spines are modified shoots
example
evolutionary
convergence of cacti
euphorbias
Phyletic Speciation
evolution can take million years
Seed Dispersal
carried by wind, floods,
and stream flow
are spiny or
gummy stick
long-distance dispersal
carried to islands by rafting
Pollen Transfer
carry one full haploid genom
it can move to very distant plants
Animal-mediated pollination
allele movement can be rapid
Vegetative Propagation
Evolution and the Origin of Life
Formation of Polymers
polymerization
high concentrations of monomers
is formation of seaside pools
An obvious method of concentration
Aggregation and Organization
aggregation
of chemical components into masses
elaborate molecules and polymers
Chemicals Produced Chemosynthetically
first experimental in 1953
constructed a container that had boiling water in
the bottom
found that many different substances were present
Conditions on Earth Before the Origin of Life
Chemicals Present in the Atmosphere
#
gases and dust about 4.6 billion years ago
composed mostly of hydrogen
replaced
by a second atmosphere
reducing atmosphere
lack of molecular oxygen
Energy Sources
exposed to powerful sources of energy
radiations have energetic quanta
energy available to power reactions
Time Available for the Origin of Life
life basically had no limits
cause the breakdown and decomposition of the chemicals
molecular oxygen present
Early Metabolism
complete heterotrophs
able to synthesize a valuable
aggregate great advantage over the others
more rapid metabolism
Oxygen
#
it allowed the world to rust
evolution of aerobic respiration
oxidizing
atmosphere
concentration of free oxygen very low
The Presence of Life
chemistry of living creatures is more complex
dealing with a continuum
