THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

The Environmental Dimension

The Economic Dimension

The Social Dimension

The Farmed Environment

The Built Environment

Natural Resources

Wildlife

The Natural Environment

Land-based mammals and reptiles

Flora

Birds

Insects

Fish and marine mammals

Water

Climate

Air

Fish-farms

Man-made forests

Agricultural landscapes

Individual building and structures

Villages and townscapes

Transport and infrastructures

Dams and reservoirs

Mountainous area

Seas

Rivers and lakes

Caves

Beaches

Natural woodland

The economic impacts of tourism

The economic benefits and costs of tourism

The multiplier effect

Benefits

Job creation

Injection of income intro the local economy through the multiplier effect

Keep local business viable

Regeneration of the economies of towns and cities

Stimulates industrial investment

Costs

Jobs are low paid/seasonal

Opportunity (money invested cannot be used for other purposes)

Congestion

Need to invest in expensive infrastructure

Overdependence on tourism

The tourist

Foreign tour operators

Destination government

Local tourism industry

Host community

Attitudes and relations with the tourists

Involvement on public sector decision making

Impact of tourism on the society and culture

Strengths and commitment towards conserving the society and culture

Restriction on tourists

Devoting resources priority to tourism

Promotion activities

Regulation of the tourism industry

Afford a holiday

Benefits gained from tourism

The need to feel safe and secure

Interactions with fellow tourist and community

Attitudes towards staff

Relations with local tourism industry and the host community

Exploiting low cost economies to reduce their costs

Images and expectations created by promotional activities

Doing business with destinations with poor human rights records

Lack of long terms commitment to local communities

Human resources issues: pay,working condition, promotion

Influence with government decision makers

Value for money

Representation of cultures for tourists

The potential impacts of tourism on host cultures and communities

Heritage

Language

Religion

Traditional arts

Traditional lifestyles

Values and behavior

Host population

In terms of sustainable tourism, the aims are to maximize tourist spending and then to minimize the leakages of tourism income from the local economy

Leakage

When the private or public sector purchases goods or services from sources outside the community, that money is no longer subject to that multiplier effect and the economic benefits leak out of the community

High leakage

Areas in developing countries with economy based largely on primary production such as agriculture

Low leakage

Well-established major tourist destinations in developed countries

Major potential impacts of tourism on the natural environment

Flora and fauna species composition

Killing of animals through hunting or to supply goods for the souvenir trade

Migration of animals

Change in nature due to clearance of planning to accommodate tourist facilities

Erosion

Damage to geological features

Landslides

Natural resources

Over-exploitation of biological (over-fishing)

Depletion of mineral resources for building materials

Pollution

Water pollution through discharges of sewage, spillages of oil/petrol

Air pollution from vehicles

Noise pollution from tourist transportation and activities

Visual impact

Facilities (building,car parks)

Litter

Sewage