THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
The Environmental Dimension
The Economic Dimension
The Social Dimension
The Farmed Environment
The Built Environment
Natural Resources
Wildlife
The Natural Environment
Land-based mammals and reptiles
Flora
Birds
Insects
Fish and marine mammals
Water
Climate
Air
Fish-farms
Man-made forests
Agricultural landscapes
Individual building and structures
Villages and townscapes
Transport and infrastructures
Dams and reservoirs
Mountainous area
Seas
Rivers and lakes
Caves
Beaches
Natural woodland
The economic impacts of tourism
The economic benefits and costs of tourism
The multiplier effect
Benefits
Job creation
Injection of income intro the local economy through the multiplier effect
Keep local business viable
Regeneration of the economies of towns and cities
Stimulates industrial investment
Costs
Jobs are low paid/seasonal
Opportunity (money invested cannot be used for other purposes)
Congestion
Need to invest in expensive infrastructure
Overdependence on tourism
The tourist
Foreign tour operators
Destination government
Local tourism industry
Host community
Attitudes and relations with the tourists
Involvement on public sector decision making
Impact of tourism on the society and culture
Strengths and commitment towards conserving the society and culture
Restriction on tourists
Devoting resources priority to tourism
Promotion activities
Regulation of the tourism industry
Afford a holiday
Benefits gained from tourism
The need to feel safe and secure
Interactions with fellow tourist and community
Attitudes towards staff
Relations with local tourism industry and the host community
Exploiting low cost economies to reduce their costs
Images and expectations created by promotional activities
Doing business with destinations with poor human rights records
Lack of long terms commitment to local communities
Human resources issues: pay,working condition, promotion
Influence with government decision makers
Value for money
Representation of cultures for tourists
The potential impacts of tourism on host cultures and communities
Heritage
Language
Religion
Traditional arts
Traditional lifestyles
Values and behavior
Host population
In terms of sustainable tourism, the aims are to maximize tourist spending and then to minimize the leakages of tourism income from the local economy
Leakage
When the private or public sector purchases goods or services from sources outside the community, that money is no longer subject to that multiplier effect and the economic benefits leak out of the community
High leakage
Areas in developing countries with economy based largely on primary production such as agriculture
Low leakage
Well-established major tourist destinations in developed countries
Major potential impacts of tourism on the natural environment
Flora and fauna species composition
Killing of animals through hunting or to supply goods for the souvenir trade
Migration of animals
Change in nature due to clearance of planning to accommodate tourist facilities
Erosion
Damage to geological features
Landslides
Natural resources
Over-exploitation of biological (over-fishing)
Depletion of mineral resources for building materials
Pollution
Water pollution through discharges of sewage, spillages of oil/petrol
Air pollution from vehicles
Noise pollution from tourist transportation and activities
Visual impact
Facilities (building,car parks)
Litter
Sewage