Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
AQA History A-level - Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 - Trying to…
AQA History A-level - Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 - Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855-1894 - Political Authority in Action :four:
Russification
Alexander II
-
No systematic persecution of racial identities, but intolerance of them grew closer to the end of his reign
-
Alexander III
-
Further intolerance to other ethnic minorities, and adopted 'Russification', which sought to merge all of the Tsar's subjects into a single nation of shared identity
Military conscription extended to areas previously exempt; conscripts were dispersed to prevent national groupings and uprisings
Ethnic uprisings crushed
Fergana, Uzbekistan in '86
-
-
-
-
-
Results
-
Believed to be a misguided policy, with the opposite effect of what was intended; it did not 'unite' nor 'modernise' the Empire
Background
Tsarist Russia was a multicultural and multinational empire with over 100 ethnic groups with different customs, etc, posing challenge to the tsarist autocracy
Problems with rebelliousness in Poland and emergence of national consciousness in Ukraine (See the secret 'Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius)
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitic Legislation
-
-
1886 decree banned Jews running inns, restricting alcohol selling
1892 - Forbidden from taking part in local elections and the mining industry is closed for them in Turkestan
1882 decreased number of Jewish doctors in the Russian army, due to the rights and status of such a position
-
-
1887 quotas in education for Jews (10% in Pale, 5% outside)
-
-
-
In 1894, Jews graduating from veterinary college cannot be admitted to the State's service; are no longer eligible for any licenses to sell alcohol
Impact
Many Jews left country after pogroms, voluntarily or forcibly (see Kyiv 1886)
From 1890, foreign Jews and those outside the Pale were deported from Russia
-
-
-
Background
-
5m Jews in Europe, mostly confined to 'Pale of Settlement' (created 1791)
Alexander II initially allowed wealthier Jews to settle elsewhere, but following Polish Revolt, he withdrew the concessions, which resulted in growth of anti-Semitism
Further encouraged under Alexander III, as both him and his ministers were anti-Semitic (primarily religious reasons)
-
'1/3 emigrate, 1/3 assimilate, 1/3 die'
Under Alex II, mostly poorer society held anti-Semitic views
Closer Look
Many other ethnicities lived in the north of Europe, with distinctive national cultures; most land in Baltic area owned by Lutheran Germans, to the west were Catholic Poles and the Empire's Jews, with the south and south-west being Ukrainian (considered themselves a distinctive nation)
-
Pale of Settlement was a region in S and W of European Russia created in 1791 (modern day Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Moldova, W.Russia); 20% of European Russia - important to note that some cities within the Pale were excluded and some allowed to live outside the Pale
Definitions
-
Anti-Semitic - being prejudiced against and persecuting Jews, as they descended from people who spoke the Semitic language
-
Pogrom - old Russian word which means 'round up' or lynching; originally denoted an assault by one ethnic group by another; after '81 gained special connotation as an attack on the Jews
National Ideology - belief in the strength of one's own country, language, traditions; powerful force in Europe after Napoleon's defeat, who tried to extend French influence
Guerilla warfare: form of fighting conducted by groups of soldiers and armed civilians using methods such as ambushes/raids/sabotages
-
-
-