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The New Science of Learning - Coggle Diagram
The New Science of Learning
The Foundations of the Learning Sciences
Constructivisim
小孩不是知道的比大人少，而是知識架構和大人不同→就是質量都不同
Cognitive Science
representation
由電腦pointer延伸而來的比喻，將腦中的知識架構比喻為representation。是有階層性的架構。
the cognitive bases of expertise
專家知識是基於：
a set of procedures and plans
the ability to reflect on one's own cognitive processes
a set of representational structures
the ability to improvisationally apply and adapt those plans to each situation's unique demands.
reflection
專家比生手更會反思；他們會發展目標計畫，並在過程中修正計畫。
problem solving
thinking
from Piaget
認知科學是研究心智運作(認知心理學)+cognitive psychology過程的運作模型(人工智能)──解釋─→社會學(sociology)+人類學(anthropology)
Educational technolgoy
1950 Skinner educational machine, to replace teachers→1960 有電腦輔助教學，就是基於Skinner的行為理論→1970，AI研究者發展自動家教系統→1980，認知心理學家提出電腦會影響學校→1990，大家都覺得電腦要進入校園。
Sociocultural Studies
learning is from complex social environment
The Nature of Knowledge Work
from static to situated
Process Involved in Learning
How does learning happen?
The transition from novice to expert performance
developmental psychology+cognitive psychology→learning science
Using prior knowledge
和instructionist不同，學習科學認為學生不是空空的等待裝滿的瓶子，而是帶著自己的(錯誤)知識和經驗進教室的。
Promoting better learning
scaffolding
Externalization and articulation
reflection
building from concrete to abstract knowledge
1-0. instructionism v.s knowledge economy
teachers
parents
administrators
policy makers
professionals
education researchers
1-1. basic facts about learning sciences
the importance of
deeper conceptual understanding
, learning, learning environment, prior knowledge, reflection,
2 goal of learning sciences
identify what practices are appropriate for students to engage in and learn.
how learning environments can be designed that are age-appropriate without losing the authenticity of professional practice.
the method to achieve the goal
inquiry
communication
concrete models
A Design Science
研究方法主要有實驗研究以及準實驗研究
互動分析法分析