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- - - - Contains guidance documents on Best Available Techniques
      - documents provide basis for BAT based on exchanged material within the specific industries
      - the information from all sectors to estimate consumption and emissions is compiled by a Special Technical group
        
        these estimates are used as the foundation for the BAT conclusion which will let each industry know what new technologies should be used for each production
        
        EIPPCB organises and co-ordinates the exchange of information between Member States and the industries concerned on BAT
      - 33 BREFs were adopted under the IPPC Directive (2008/1/EC)
      - BAT conclusions’ are be produced for every BREF
    - - types of industry in sector
      - applied processes and techniques
      - current emissions and consumption levels
      - techniques to consider in determination of BAT
      - capacities & consumption of industries
      - methods for monitoring
      - ELV's are set
  - - - Criteria for determining BAT
        
        use of low-waste tech
        
        use of less hazardous materials
        
        furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used while processing waste
        
        comparable processes and facilities which are used with success on industrial scale
        
        nature effects and volume of the emissions
        
        length of time needed to introduce the technique
        
        the need to prevent or reduce the overall impact of the emissions on the enviro
      - definition
        
        AVAILABLE- taking into account what is economically and technically viable considering cost and benefits
        
        BEST-most effective in getting high level of protection for the enviro
        
        TECHNIQUES- the tech used and the way the instillation is designed built maintained and operated and decommissioned
        
        BAT is defined in Section 5(1) of the EPA Act 1992
      - BAT analysis provides
        
        list of techniques that can be applied for certain processes
        
        environmental performance levels that can be achieved
        
        performance levels can serve as emission benchmarks that can
        be used to define environmental objectives
- - - - Changed to Integrated Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) c1998
        
        Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) 2010/75/EU. Came into force in Ireland 2014. (Large Industrial Plant).
        
        Replaced 7 existing directives
        
        Large Combustion Plant Directive
        
        The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC)
        
        The Waste Incineration Directive
        
        The Solvent Emissions Directive
        
        5/6/7. Directives 78/176/EEC (1978), 82/883/EEC (1982) and 92/112/EEC (1992) with regards to waste, procedures and harmonisation of the titanium dioxide industry
        
        Annex 1 Categorises the activities refered to in Article 10
        
        Energy Industries
        
        Combustion of fuels
        
        Oil & Gas Refinery
        
        Gasiication or liqiufication of fuel
        
        Production and Processing of Metals
        
        Metal ore
        
        Iron & Steel
        
        Processing of ferrous and non ferrous metals
        
        Mineral Industry
        
        Cement, lime, MgO
        
        Asbestos
        
        Glass, fibers, ceramics
        
        Chemical Indstry
        
        Production of hydrocharbons
        
        Production of inorganic materials
        
        Production of fertilisers
        
        Production of pharma products
        
        Production of explosives
        
        Waste Managment
        
        Disposal/Recovery of hazardous waste
        
        Disposal/Recovery of waste in incineration plants or co-incineration plants
        
        Disposal of non-hazardous waste
        
        Landfills
        
        Other Activities
        
        Prodcuction/ installations of wood or other fiberous material
        
        Pre-treatment of texties
        
        Disposal of animal waste
        
        Intensive rearing of poultry or pigs
        
        Directive applies to industrial activities that give rise to pollution. Does not apply to R&D/testing of new products and processes
        
        Memeber states must esnure no plant operates without a permit
        
        A single integrated license which covers all emissions from the facility and its environmental management
        
        Covers Emissions from:
        
        Land
        
        Waste control
        
        Water
        
        Energy and resource Control
        
        Air
        
        Aim is to prevent/reduce these emissions and control the use of energy/ resources which in turn prevents pollution
        
        IPPC Licensing Application Form includes the following
        
        Section E: Emissions - On List I (basis of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation) and List II (metal and inorganics) substances listed in the Annex to EU Directive 2006/11/EC
        
        Surface Water and Sewers
        
        Point source emissions
        
        Run off water
        
        From roofs and hard core surfaces on the site. It may have deposits from storage, air emissions and spillages Can go to surface water therefore somemonitoring will be required.
        
        Waste water emissions
        
        Process waste water, cooling water and run off water
        
        Process waste water
        
        A point source emission, in general this is one outfall from the facility where all the parameters are monitored
        
        Atmosphere
        
        Example: Air emissions from a pharmaceutical operation
        
        General operation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Groundwater
        
        Testing depends on if its a green field site, a site with previous industrial use or an application for an existing activity
        
        Done by drilling bore holes around the site and pumping samples to determine the contamination level.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Major agricultural industry- land spreading of sludge wastes.
        
        Depending on the hydrogeology of the site, land contamination by chemicals can find their way into the underlying groundwater
        
        Can cause major issues if an aquifer supplies portable water
        
        Section J: Accident Prevention & Emergency Response
        
        Emergency Response procedure
        
        Accident Prevention Procedure
        
        The Seveso Directive(Major Accidents Hazards)Seveso 3 (Directive 2012/18/EU)
        
        Section G: Resource and Energy Use
        
        Give a list of the raw and ancillary materials, substances, preparations, fuels and energy which will be produced by or utilized in the activity. (Packaging)
        
        Energy used in or generated by the installation
        
        SECTION K: Remediation, Decommissioning, Restoration & Aftercare
        
        Financial provision
        
        Operation of activity ceases must return the site of to a satisfactory state
        
        Section F: Control And Monitoring
        
        Monitoring Requirements
        
        Periodic measurement
        
        Conducted for all major pollutants as specified in the conditions to the approval
        
        Reports
        
        The measurement results have to be submitted to the competent authority
        
        Continuous measurement
        
        BAT industries must conduct continuous measurement for selected pollutant
        
        Ambient monitoring
        
        Monitoring of ambient air quality/river quality upstream & downstream effluent discharge
        
        Controls
        
        Type of Control systems depend on treatment
        
        Best available technology - reduces emission from an activity
      - Environmental Protection Agency (Licensing) Regulations from 1994 to 2004 commenced the licensing of each of the activities in turn for new developments or industries starting
      - The IPPC system replaces Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) as the licensing regime applicable to certain industrial activities in Ireland
      - The IPC licensing process
        
        Stage 3: EPA proposed determination
        
        Stage 1: Pre-application
        
        Stage 4: Any objections on the proposed determination (including submissions on objections)
        
        Stage 5: Oral hearing
        
        Stage 6: Our Final determination
        
        Stage 7: Review of an existing license
        
        Stage 8: Amendment of an existing license
        
        Stage 2: Making an application
    - - A list of activities in 1st schedule of the 1992 act, there were 13 classes of activity that did require a license from the EPA
        
        Minerals and Other Materials/Energy/Metals/Mineral Fibers and Glass/Chemicals Production of Inorganic, organic, polymers, pharma, paints, varnishes, pesticides, veterinary products etc. /Intensive Agriculture/Food and Drink/Wood, Paper, Textiles and Leather/ Fossil Fuels/Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide/Waste/Surface Coatings/Other Activities
      - EPA ACT 1992 (established activities order) 2006 for existing developments over certain thresholds in size
    - - Any issues/improvements made
      - Overview of all the emission reporting and exceedances that occurred during the year
      - Example: Swords Lab(bristol myers squibb)
- - - - Spray-Tower Scrubber
        
        Upward flowing air is washed by downward sprayed water
        
        Can remove 90 percent of particulates larger than about 8μm
      - Orifice Scrubber
        
        Similar to spray-tower scrubber, but water droplets hot solid surface, atomizing them and increasing contact of particulates to surface
        
        90 percent efficiency for particles larger than 2 μm.
      - Venturi Scrubber
        
        Most efficient, uses a Venturi channel to increase speed of water/air mixture
        
        98 percent efficiency for particles larger than 0.5 μm
    - - Contaminated air is forced into a spiral. Particulates make contact with the walls of the chamber and slide down into a dust hopper, which is periodically cleaned
        
        90% efficiency, but for particles larger than 20μm. Generally used as a first treatment
    - - An electrostatic charge is induced on particulate matter which causes a strong attraction to a series of metal plates, removing them from the air
        
        Industry standard. Can remove particulates as small as 1 μm with an efficiency exceeding 99 percent
  - - - Pre-2014
        
        Local authority issue under Section 16 of the (Water Pollution Act) 1977
      - Post-2014
        
        Irish Water, due to Section 7 of the Water Services (No.2) Act 2013
    - - Generally a specific process is used depending on pollutant. For example, granulated activated carbon treatment for organic compounds or precipitation for heavy metals
    - - Biological treatment where microbes digest organic matter
        
        Leftover sludge is then incinerated or spread on land as fertilizer
  - - - Activated charcoal most commonly used. The gaseous molecules stick to the surface. Particularly useful for volatile organic compounds.
    - - Gaseous pollutants are absorbed into a liquid medium through contact in a wet scrubber or bubbler. The liquid can then be treated to remove or recycle the pollutant.
    - - A combustion reaction is used to destroy toxic compounds, or reduce the amount of photochemically reactive substances released into the air