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CHAPTER 2 : THREE DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, These characteristics…
CHAPTER 2 : THREE DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
1) ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION :
iii) Wildlife
ii) The Natural Environment
iv) The Built Environment
v) The Farmed Environment
i) The Natural Resources
THE SCOPE OF THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
WILDLIFE
Land-based mammals and reptiles
Flora
Birds
Insects
Fish and Marine Mammals
THE FARMED ENVIRONMENT
Agricultural landscapes
Man-made forests
Fish-farms
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Individual building and structures
Villages and townscapes
Transport and infrastructure
Dams and reservoirs
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Mountainous area
Seas
Rivers and lakes
Caves
Beaches
Natural Woodland
THE NATURAL RESOURCES
Water
Climate
Air
MAJOR POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
iii ) Natural Resources
Over-exploitation of biological resources (overfishing)
Depletion of mineral resources for building materials
iv ) Pollution
Water pollution through discharges of sewage, spillages of oil/petrol
Air pollution from vehicles
Noise pollution from tourist transportation and activities
ii ) Erosion
Landslides
Damage to geological features
i ) Flora and Fauna Species Composition
Killing of animals through hunting or to supply goods for the souvenir trade
Migration of animals
Change in nature due to clearance or planning to accommodate tourist facilities
v ) Visual Impact
Facilities (buildings, car parks)
Sewage
Litter
3) SOCIAL DIMENSION
: - The focus is the ‘host community. The desire to ‘protect’ host communities from the excesses and negative effects of tourism.
DEVELOP MORE SUSTAINABLE FORMS OF TOURISM IN THE COMMUNITY
II) Equal opportunity (employees and tourists)
III) Ethics
(tourism industry ,suppliers, host population, tourists)
I ) Equity (stakeholders)
IV) Equal partners (tourists treatment)
THE SCOPE OF SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
DESTINATION
GOVERNMENT
Restrictions on tourists
Devoting resources priority to tourism
Promotional activities
Regulation of the tourism industry
LOCAL TOURISM
INDUSTRY
Human resource issues; pay, working cond., promotions
Influence with government decision makers
Value for money
Representation of cultures for tourists
FOREIGN TOUR
OPERATORS
Relations with local tourism industry and the host community
Exploiting low cost economies to reduce their costs
Images and expectations created by promotional activities
Doing business with destinations with poor human rights records
Lack of long term commitment to local communities
HOST COMMUNITY
Attitudes and relations with the tourists.
Involvement on public sector decision making.
Impact of tourism on the society and culture.
Strengths and commitment towards conserving the society and culture.
THE TOURIST
Afford a holiday
Benefits gained from tourism
The need to feel safe and secure
Interactions with fellow tourist and community
Attitudes towards staff
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON HOST CULTURES AND COMMUNITIES
Language
Religion
Heritage
Values and behaviour
Traditional Arts
Traditional Lifestyles
HOST-GUEST RELATIONSHIP: The key to the socio-cultural impact is on the relationship between host and guest.
Host-guest relations are often unbalanced in nature
Host-tourist relation tend to lack spontaneity
Tourists are under pressure due to short time period which make them irritated for any delay
Tourist are often segregated from local people
It is short term. Relationships are superficial.
2 ) ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND COSTS OF TOURISM
BENEFIT
Keep local business viable
Regeneration of the economies of towns and cities
Injection of income into the local economy through the multiplier effect
Stimulates industrial investment
Job creation
COST
Congestion
Need to invest in expensive infrastructure
Opportunity costs (money invested cannot be used for other purposes)
Over dependence on tourism
Jobs are low paid/seasonal
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM
THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT: Maximize Tourist Spending, Minimize Tourism Leakage Of Tourism Income From Local Company
ULTIMATE BENEFICIARIES
Accountants
Architects
Bakers
Carpenters
Clothing manufacturers
Department store owners
Engineers
Farmers
Gift shop operators
Petrol stations
Recreation equipment sales/rental
Transportation workers
Waiter/waitresses
TOURIST SPEND FOR
Beverage
Food
Lodging
Entertainment
Clothing
Gift and Souvenir
Personal care, medicine
Photography
Recreation
Tours sightseeing guard, local sightseeing
Misc
SECOND ROUND OF EXPENDITURE
Wages and salaries
Commissions
Professional services
Purchases of food and beverage supplies
Purchase of materials and supplies
Advertising, promotion and publicity
Utilities
Transportation
Licences
Rental of facilities and equipment
LEAKAGES : When the private or public sector purchases goods or services from sources outside the community, that money is no longer subject to the multiplier effect and the economic benefits leak out of the community.
High leakage
Areas in developing countries with an economy based largely on primary production such as agriculture
Low leakage
Well-established major tourist destinations in developed countries
These characteristics impose a negative impact to the concept of sustainable tourism